[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1206},["ShallowReactive",2],{"questions:exploration":3},{"bank":4,"contentHash":1187,"dependencyHashes":1188,"releaseId":1205},{"schemaVersion":5,"conceptId":6,"revision":5,"title":7,"intro":8,"sections":9,"questions":46,"sourceIds":1167,"reviewStatus":1183,"authoring":1184},1,"exploration","Exploration: the question bank","Seventy-five questions across nine sections: words and meanings, reasons and consequences, navigation and technology, the Indian Ocean world, four voyages worth knowing, the Columbian exchange, consequences (who gained and who paid), how we know any of this, and exploration today. Every calculation is worked in full in the solution, and figures historians genuinely dispute (population estimates, famine deaths, trade shares) are marked as ranges, never as settled facts.",[10,14,18,22,26,30,34,38,42],{"id":11,"title":12,"description":13},"words-meanings","Words and meanings","Exploration, discovery and encounter; indigenous, primary source, estimate.",{"id":15,"title":16,"description":17},"reasons-consequences","Reasons and consequences","Telling a reason people set out apart from a consequence of having gone, and the economics behind a voyage.",{"id":19,"title":20,"description":21},"navigation-tech","Navigation and technology","Compass, kamal, astrolabe, latitude, longitude, chronometers, lateen sails and the sternpost rudder.",{"id":23,"title":24,"description":25},"indian-ocean-world","The Indian Ocean world","The Periplus, Hippalus, the monsoon timetable and the trading world before European ships arrived.",{"id":27,"title":28,"description":29},"four-voyages","Four voyages","Dates, distances and numbers for Columbus, da Gama, Magellan-Elcano and Zheng He.",{"id":31,"title":32,"description":33},"columbian-exchange","The Columbian exchange","Crops and animals that crossed the Atlantic each way, and what that meant.",{"id":35,"title":36,"description":37},"consequences","Consequences: who gained, who paid","Disease, the slave trade, trading companies becoming rulers in India, deindustrialisation and famine.",{"id":39,"title":40,"description":41},"how-we-know","How we know","Primary sources, shipwrecks, whose accounts survived, and why some figures are only ranges.",{"id":43,"title":44,"description":45},"exploration-today","Exploration today","Antarctica, the deep sea, space, and the ethics of uncontacted peoples.",[47,72,90,110,125,143,163,175,194,212,230,247,262,276,294,312,326,335,354,372,384,394,413,423,442,460,469,488,506,517,535,553,564,582,592,610,619,628,646,655,667,685,695,713,731,749,758,776,787,801,819,829,847,865,875,884,902,911,929,938,956,965,983,1001,1011,1020,1038,1047,1065,1084,1103,1113,1131,1141,1149],{"id":48,"section":11,"level":49,"prompt":50,"check":51,"hints":67,"solution":69,"skills":70},"exploration.q001","foundation","What does the word **exploration** mean?",{"kind":52,"options":53,"correct":66},"choice",[54,57,60,63],{"id":55,"label":56},"a","Travelling somewhere to find out what is there",{"id":58,"label":59},"b","Conquering land by force",{"id":61,"label":62},"c","Buying and selling spices",{"id":64,"label":65},"d","Sailing only at night",[55],[68],"Think about what the word itself describes: an action, not a judgement about who got there first.","Exploration is simply travelling to find out what is there. It does not, by itself, say anything about who already lived in a place or what happened when travellers arrived.",[71],"vocabulary",{"id":73,"section":11,"level":49,"prompt":74,"check":75,"hints":86,"solution":88,"skills":89},"exploration.q002","A history book says a European sailor \"discovered\" an island where thousands of people already lived, farmed and traded. Which word is more honest for what happened when the ship arrived?",{"kind":52,"options":76,"correct":85},[77,79,81,83],{"id":55,"label":78},"Discovery",{"id":58,"label":80},"Invention",{"id":61,"label":82},"Encounter",{"id":64,"label":84},"Accident",[61],[87],"Ask: did anyone already know this place existed?","**Encounter** means a meeting between two groups who did not know each other before. \"Discovery\" is fair for something nobody knew about at all, which an inhabited island is not.",[71],{"id":91,"section":11,"level":92,"prompt":93,"check":94,"hints":105,"solution":107,"skills":108},"exploration.q003","core","Which of these is a **fair** use of the word \"discover\"?",{"kind":52,"options":95,"correct":104},[96,98,100,102],{"id":55,"label":97},"Columbus discovered America",{"id":58,"label":99},"Astronomers discovered a new comet",{"id":61,"label":101},"Da Gama discovered India",{"id":64,"label":103},"Cook discovered Australia",[58],[106],"Ask whether the thing being 'discovered' could genuinely have been unknown to everyone.","A comet genuinely was unknown to everyone before it was spotted. America, India and Australia were all home to millions of people already, so \"discover\" hides them from the sentence.",[71,109],"reasoning",{"id":111,"section":11,"level":92,"prompt":112,"check":113,"hints":121,"solution":123,"skills":124},"exploration.q004","A Portuguese sailor and a Malabar merchant meet for the first time at Calicut in 1498. What is the most accurate word for this event?",{"kind":52,"options":114,"correct":120},[115,117,118,119],{"id":55,"label":116},"Invasion",{"id":58,"label":82},{"id":61,"label":78},{"id":64,"label":84},[58],[122],"Think about whether either side already knew of the other before this moment.","It is a meeting between two groups who did not know each other: an **encounter**. It became something closer to an invasion only later, when Portugal returned with cannon.",[71],{"id":126,"section":11,"level":92,"prompt":127,"check":128,"hints":139,"solution":141,"skills":142},"exploration.q005","\"Indigenous\" means...",{"kind":52,"options":129,"correct":138},[130,132,134,136],{"id":55,"label":131},"Belonging to a place from long before outsiders arrived",{"id":58,"label":133},"Foreign",{"id":61,"label":135},"Royal",{"id":64,"label":137},"Extremely old, with no other meaning",[55],[140],"Think about which group was there first, long before any outsider arrived.","Indigenous peoples are the people who belonged to a place before outsiders arrived there, such as Aboriginal Australians or the Taino of the Caribbean.",[71],{"id":144,"section":11,"level":145,"prompt":146,"check":147,"hints":158,"solution":160,"skills":161},"exploration.q006","stretch","A textbook states a single, very precise number for how many people lived in the Americas in 1492, with no range and no source given. What is the most likely problem with this?",{"kind":52,"options":148,"correct":157},[149,151,153,155],{"id":55,"label":150},"It is definitely the wrong number",{"id":58,"label":152},"It is hiding a genuine, wide scholarly disagreement behind a false sense of precision",{"id":61,"label":154},"Nothing; precise numbers are always better",{"id":64,"label":156},"The number must have come from a census taken in 1492",[58],[159],"Ask yourself: could anyone actually have counted the population of a whole continent in 1492?","Nobody counted the population of the Americas in 1492. Every figure is a reconstruction, and published estimates run from about 8 million to over 100 million. A single confident number hides that argument instead of reporting it honestly.",[109,162],"evidence",{"id":164,"section":11,"level":145,"prompt":165,"check":166,"hints":171,"solution":173,"skills":174},"exploration.q007","Give one word for \"evidence made at the time by someone who was actually there, such as a ship's log, a letter or a customs record.\"",{"kind":167,"accept":168},"text",[169,170],"primary source","a primary source",[172],"It is two words, the second one is \"source\".","This is called a **primary source**: made at the time, by someone involved. A history book written centuries later, drawing on such sources, is a **secondary source**.",[71,162],{"id":176,"section":11,"level":177,"prompt":178,"check":179,"hints":190,"solution":192,"skills":193},"exploration.q008","challenge","Which of these sentences use the word \"discover\" **fairly**? (There may be more than one correct answer.)",{"kind":52,"options":180,"correct":189},[181,183,185,187],{"id":55,"label":182},"Astronomers discovered a new exoplanet no human had ever detected before",{"id":58,"label":184},"Columbus discovered a continent that belonged to nobody in particular",{"id":61,"label":186},"The explorers discovered a village of about 2,000 people who had lived there for generations",{"id":64,"label":188},"A survey team charted a coastline no map had ever recorded, and called it a new discovery on the map",[55,64],[191],"Check each sentence: is the thing being described genuinely unknown to anyone, or does it already belong to someone?","(a) and (d) are fair: a planet nobody had ever detected, and a chart that genuinely did not exist before, are both real discoveries **of information**. (b) and (c) are unfair, because they describe a place, and the people already living there, as though nobody was there at all.",[71,109],{"id":195,"section":15,"level":49,"prompt":196,"check":197,"hints":208,"solution":210,"skills":211},"exploration.q009","Which of these is a **reason** people set out on a voyage, not a consequence of one?",{"kind":52,"options":198,"correct":207},[199,201,203,205],{"id":55,"label":200},"Chillies became common in Indian cooking",{"id":58,"label":202},"A pilgrim wants to reach Mecca",{"id":61,"label":204},"Smallpox spread through the Americas",{"id":64,"label":206},"European maps became more accurate",[58],[209],"A reason comes before the voyage; a consequence happens because of it.","Wanting to reach a holy place comes **before** the journey and explains why someone sets out. The other three all happened **because** voyages were made.",[109],{"id":213,"section":15,"level":49,"prompt":214,"check":215,"hints":226,"solution":228,"skills":229},"exploration.q010","Which option correctly pairs a **reason** for exploration with a matching example?",{"kind":52,"options":216,"correct":225},[217,219,221,223],{"id":55,"label":218},"Rivalry - Spain funds Columbus partly because Portugal is getting rich from its own route",{"id":58,"label":220},"Trade - a storm blows a ship off its planned course",{"id":61,"label":222},"Accident - a king wants to out-do a rival kingdom",{"id":64,"label":224},"Curiosity - enslaved people are shipped across the Atlantic",[55],[227],"Match each reason to an example that genuinely fits that reason, not just any example.","Rivalry between rulers is a genuine reason, and Spain backing Columbus after watching Portugal's success is a textbook example of it. The other three pairs are mismatched.",[109],{"id":231,"section":15,"level":92,"prompt":232,"check":233,"hints":243,"solution":245,"skills":246},"exploration.q011","A ruler funds a voyage mainly because a rival kingdom is getting rich from a new route. Which of the six reasons for exploration is this?",{"kind":52,"options":234,"correct":242},[235,237,239,241],{"id":55,"label":236},"Curiosity",{"id":58,"label":238},"Rivalry",{"id":61,"label":240},"Escape and migration",{"id":64,"label":84},[58],[244],"This is about competition between rulers, not about profit from trade itself.","Wanting to keep up with, or beat, a rival is **rivalry**. It funded a great many voyages, including Spain's decision to back Columbus.",[109],{"id":248,"section":15,"level":92,"prompt":249,"check":250,"hints":258,"solution":260,"skills":261},"exploration.q012","Cabral's fleet, sailing for India in 1500, swung so far out into the Atlantic that it landed in Brazil instead. Which reason for exploration does this illustrate?",{"kind":52,"options":251,"correct":257},[252,253,255,256],{"id":55,"label":84},{"id":58,"label":254},"Trade",{"id":61,"label":236},{"id":64,"label":238},[55],[259],"This was unplanned — think about which of the six reasons involves ships ending up somewhere by chance.","Storms, wide course corrections and simple mistakes put ships on coasts nobody was aiming for. This is **accident**, and it happened more often than heroic stories usually admit.",[109],{"id":263,"section":15,"level":92,"prompt":264,"check":265,"hints":272,"solution":274,"skills":275},"exploration.q013","The English East India Company's 1600 charter was for **trade**: pepper, cotton cloth and other goods. By the 1760s the Company was collecting taxes across Bengal. Was tax-collecting government a stated reason for the 1600 charter, or a later consequence?",{"kind":52,"options":266,"correct":271},[267,269],{"id":55,"label":268},"A stated reason from the start",{"id":58,"label":270},"A consequence that developed later",[58],[273],"Compare what the 1600 charter actually said with what had happened by the 1760s.","The 1600 charter was purely about trade. Nobody in 1600 planned for a trading company to become a government; that grew out of decades of forts, soldiers and shifting local politics.",[109],{"id":277,"section":15,"level":145,"prompt":278,"check":279,"hints":290,"solution":292,"skills":293},"exploration.q014","A single voyage usually had more than one reason behind it at once. Which two reasons combined most strongly in Vasco da Gama's 1497-98 voyage?",{"kind":52,"options":280,"correct":289},[281,283,285,287],{"id":55,"label":282},"Trade and rivalry",{"id":58,"label":284},"Escape and accident",{"id":61,"label":286},"Curiosity alone, with no other motive",{"id":64,"label":288},"None: only one reason can ever apply to a voyage",[55],[291],"Think about what Portugal wanted to gain, and who it wanted to beat to it.","Portugal wanted the pepper trade directly, without paying merchants along the old routes (**trade**), and wanted to get there before, or instead of, its rivals in the Mediterranean spice trade (**rivalry**). Most real voyages mixed several reasons.",[109],{"id":295,"section":15,"level":145,"prompt":296,"check":297,"hints":308,"solution":310,"skills":311},"exploration.q015","Which statement about slavery and exploration is most accurate?",{"kind":52,"options":298,"correct":307},[299,301,303,305],{"id":55,"label":300},"Slavery was a stated reason for the very first Atlantic voyages of the 1490s",{"id":58,"label":302},"Slavery began as a consequence of the plantations set up after 1492, and then itself became a reason for thousands of further voyages",{"id":61,"label":304},"Slavery had nothing to do with the voyages of exploration",{"id":64,"label":306},"Slavery only ever affected the Indian Ocean",[58],[309],"Consider whether the slave trade was planned from the very start, or grew out of something else.","Nobody sailed in 1492 planning the slave trade. It grew out of the plantation economy that followed, and once established, the demand for enslaved labour became a reason ships kept crossing the Atlantic for centuries.",[109],{"id":313,"section":15,"level":145,"prompt":314,"check":315,"hints":320,"solution":322,"skills":323},"exploration.q016","A merchant fits out a ship for **5,000 coins**. Buying **200 sacks** of pepper at **3 coins** each costs 600 coins, and selling them all in Lisbon at **60 coins** each brings in 12,000 coins. What is the merchant's profit after subtracting BOTH the cost of the pepper AND the cost of fitting out the ship?",{"kind":316,"answer":317,"tolerance":318,"unit":319},"number",6400,0,"coins",[321],"Subtract both costs from the revenue, not just one.","Revenue is 12,000 coins. Subtract the pepper cost (600 coins) and the fit-out cost (5,000 coins): 12,000 - 600 - 5,000 = **6,400 coins**.",[324,325],"arithmetic","economics",{"id":327,"section":15,"level":177,"prompt":328,"check":329,"hints":331,"solution":333,"skills":334},"exploration.q017","Now suppose a storm sinks half the fleet, so only half the pepper cargo (worth 6,000 coins) actually arrives and sells. Using the same costs as before (600 coins for pepper, 5,000 coins to fit out the ships), what is the merchant's profit or loss now?",{"kind":316,"answer":330,"tolerance":318,"unit":319},400,[332],"The costs of the ships and the pepper bought stay the same; only the arriving cargo has halved.","Half the revenue is 6,000 coins. Subtract the same two costs: 6,000 - 600 - 5,000 = **400 coins**. The costs did not halve just because the cargo did, which is exactly why these voyages were such a gamble.",[324,325],{"id":336,"section":19,"level":49,"prompt":337,"check":338,"hints":349,"solution":351,"skills":352},"exploration.q018","What does a magnetic compass needle do?",{"kind":52,"options":339,"correct":348},[340,342,344,346],{"id":55,"label":341},"Settles pointing roughly north, whatever the weather",{"id":58,"label":343},"Shows your exact position on a map",{"id":61,"label":345},"Measures longitude directly",{"id":64,"label":347},"Tells you the time",[55],[350],"A compass tells you which way you are facing, not where you are.","A compass only tells you **direction**, not position. It settles roughly north even under thick cloud, which is exactly why it was so valuable, but it cannot tell a sailor where they are.",[353],"navigation",{"id":355,"section":19,"level":92,"prompt":356,"check":357,"hints":368,"solution":370,"skills":371},"exploration.q019","Why was **latitude** (north-south position) much easier for old navigators to find than **longitude** (east-west position)?",{"kind":52,"options":358,"correct":367},[359,361,363,365],{"id":55,"label":360},"Latitude can be read from the height of the Pole Star or the Sun above the horizon; there is no equally simple single reading for longitude",{"id":58,"label":362},"Longitude never mattered to sailors",{"id":61,"label":364},"Latitude required a chronometer, which sailors did not have",{"id":64,"label":366},"They were equally difficult to find",[55],[369],"Latitude can be read directly from a star's height; longitude needs you to compare the time in two places.","The Pole Star's height above the horizon is (very nearly) your latitude, giving a direct reading. Longitude needs you to compare your local time with the time at a reference point, which needed an accurate clock, not solved well until the 1700s.",[353],{"id":373,"section":19,"level":92,"prompt":374,"check":375,"hints":379,"solution":381,"skills":382},"exploration.q020","A kamal is made from a card **4 cm** tall on a cord **40 cm** long, held at arm's length. Using the rule angle = 2 x arctan((card height \u002F 2) \u002F cord length), what angle (in degrees, to one decimal place) does this kamal measure?",{"kind":316,"answer":376,"tolerance":377,"unit":378},5.7,0.2,"degrees",[380],"Take half the card height first, then divide by the cord length, then use arctan and double it.","Half the card height is 2 cm. 2 \u002F 40 = 0.05. arctan(0.05) is about 2.86 degrees. Double it for the full angle the card covers: 2 x 2.86 is about **5.7 degrees**. A longer cord (or a shorter card) gives a smaller angle.",[353,383],"geometry",{"id":385,"section":19,"level":92,"prompt":386,"check":387,"hints":390,"solution":392,"skills":393},"exploration.q021","A ship's clock is still set to its home port's local noon. The Sun is actually directly overhead at a place 45 degrees of longitude to the west of that home port. Since the Earth turns 15 degrees every hour, what time difference (in hours) does 45 degrees represent?",{"kind":316,"answer":388,"tolerance":318,"unit":389},3,"hours",[391],"Divide the angle by 15 degrees per hour.","The Earth turns 360 degrees in 24 hours, which is 15 degrees per hour. 45 \u002F 15 = **3 hours**. Comparing a ship's clock (still on home time) with local noon, found from the Sun, is exactly how longitude was calculated once accurate clocks existed.",[353,324],{"id":395,"section":19,"level":92,"prompt":396,"check":397,"hints":408,"solution":410,"skills":411},"exploration.q022","What problem did John Harrison's marine chronometers, developed through the 1700s, solve?",{"kind":52,"options":398,"correct":407},[399,401,403,405],{"id":55,"label":400},"Measuring latitude from the Pole Star",{"id":58,"label":402},"Keeping accurate time at sea, so that longitude could finally be calculated reliably",{"id":61,"label":404},"Measuring wind speed",{"id":64,"label":406},"Making maps more colourful",[58],[409],"Think about what you need to know at sea to compare your local time with time back home.","A clock that kept accurate time from the home port, compared with local time found from the Sun, gave longitude. Harrison's sea clocks were accurate enough at sea to make this practical for the first time.",[353,412],"history",{"id":414,"section":19,"level":145,"prompt":415,"check":416,"hints":419,"solution":421,"skills":422},"exploration.q023","Harrison's H4 lost only about 5 seconds over an 81-day trial voyage. Using the rule that 1 minute of clock error is about 27.8 km of position error at the equator, about how many km of error did that represent, to one decimal place?",{"kind":316,"answer":417,"tolerance":377,"unit":418},2.3,"km",[420],"Turn the seconds into minutes first, then multiply by km per minute.","5 seconds is 5\u002F60, about 0.083 minutes. Multiply by 27.8 km per minute: about **2.3 km**, remarkably small for months at sea.",[353,324],{"id":424,"section":19,"level":145,"prompt":425,"check":426,"hints":437,"solution":439,"skills":440},"exploration.q024","What advantage did a **lateen** (triangular) sail give sailors, compared with a simple square sail?",{"kind":52,"options":427,"correct":436},[428,430,432,434],{"id":55,"label":429},"It let ships sail much more effectively against the wind, not just before it",{"id":58,"label":431},"It only worked when sailing directly downwind",{"id":61,"label":433},"It needed no crew at all to manage",{"id":64,"label":435},"It worked only in a dead calm",[55],[438],"Think about what happens to a square sail when the wind blows from ahead rather than from behind.","A square sail is efficient running before the wind but poor at sailing towards it. A lateen sail's triangular shape lets a ship make headway even when the wind is partly against it, which was vital for coastal and Indian Ocean sailing.",[353,441],"technology",{"id":443,"section":19,"level":145,"prompt":444,"check":445,"hints":456,"solution":458,"skills":459},"exploration.q025","What did a **sternpost rudder**, hinged at a ship's stern, improve over steering with an oar held over the side?",{"kind":52,"options":446,"correct":455},[447,449,451,453],{"id":55,"label":448},"It gave finer, less tiring control, especially as ships grew larger and heavier",{"id":58,"label":450},"It made the ship lighter than steering with an oar",{"id":61,"label":452},"It let a ship sail without needing any sails",{"id":64,"label":454},"It was mainly decorative, with little effect on steering",[55],[457],"Compare the leverage and control of a hinged rudder with an oar held over the side.","A side-mounted steering oar becomes exhausting and imprecise on a large, heavy ship. A rudder hinged directly on the sternpost gives much finer control for the same effort, which mattered as ships grew for ocean voyages.",[353,441],{"id":461,"section":19,"level":177,"prompt":462,"check":463,"hints":465,"solution":467,"skills":468},"exploration.q026","A ship's chronometer loses **3 seconds every day**. After a **42-day** crossing, using 1 minute of clock error being about 27.8 km of position error, how many km of position error has built up?",{"kind":316,"answer":464,"tolerance":5,"unit":418},58,[466],"First find the total seconds lost over 42 days, then convert to minutes, then to km.","Total seconds lost: 3 x 42 = 126 s, which is 2.1 minutes. Multiply by 27.8 km per minute: about **58.0 km**, over twenty times worse than Harrison's H4 lost on its trial.",[353,324],{"id":470,"section":23,"level":49,"prompt":471,"check":472,"hints":483,"solution":485,"skills":486},"exploration.q027","Which ocean has a wind that reverses direction twice a year, giving sailors a sailing timetable?",{"kind":52,"options":473,"correct":482},[474,476,478,480],{"id":55,"label":475},"The Indian Ocean, driven by the monsoon",{"id":58,"label":477},"The Atlantic Ocean",{"id":61,"label":479},"The Pacific Ocean",{"id":64,"label":481},"No ocean works this way",[55],[484],"Look for the ocean whose wind has a seasonal, reversing timetable.","The Indian Ocean's monsoon reverses between a south-west and a north-east wind each year, something the Atlantic does not do in the same predictable way.",[487],"geography",{"id":489,"section":23,"level":49,"prompt":490,"check":491,"hints":502,"solution":504,"skills":505},"exploration.q028","The *Periplus of the Erythraean Sea* is...",{"kind":52,"options":492,"correct":501},[493,495,497,499],{"id":55,"label":494},"A Greek-speaking merchant's handbook to Indian Ocean ports, from about the 1st century CE",{"id":58,"label":496},"A map drawn by Vasco da Gama's crew",{"id":61,"label":498},"A Chinese naval record from the Ming dynasty",{"id":64,"label":500},"A modern history textbook",[55],[503],"Think about who wrote it, roughly when, and what kind of practical information it lists.","The Periplus lists ports, goods and sailing months from Egypt down the African coast and across to India, written well over a thousand years before any European ship reached the Indian Ocean by sea.",[412],{"id":507,"section":23,"level":92,"prompt":508,"check":509,"hints":513,"solution":515,"skills":516},"exploration.q029","The Periplus was written around about 40-70 CE. Taking the midpoint of that range as 55 CE, about how many years before Vasco da Gama's arrival at Calicut in 1498 was it written?",{"kind":316,"answer":510,"tolerance":511,"unit":512},1443,30,"years",[514],"Subtract the midpoint year from 1498.","1498 - 55 = **1443 years**, close to a millennium and a half. A wide tolerance is fair here because the Periplus's own date is only known as a range.",[324,412],{"id":518,"section":23,"level":92,"prompt":519,"check":520,"hints":531,"solution":533,"skills":534},"exploration.q030","The south-west monsoon blows roughly from which months, carrying ships from Arabia and east Africa towards India?",{"kind":52,"options":521,"correct":530},[522,524,526,528],{"id":55,"label":523},"June to September",{"id":58,"label":525},"November to February",{"id":61,"label":527},"March to May",{"id":64,"label":529},"It never reverses",[55],[532],"It blows through the middle of the calendar year, in the northern-hemisphere summer.","The south-west monsoon runs roughly June to September. The north-east monsoon, which carries ships back the other way, runs roughly November to February.",[487],{"id":536,"section":23,"level":92,"prompt":537,"check":538,"hints":549,"solution":551,"skills":552},"exploration.q031","Why might a merchant who reached Calicut in August have to wait months before sailing home?",{"kind":52,"options":539,"correct":548},[540,542,544,546],{"id":55,"label":541},"The return (north-east) monsoon wind does not begin blowing until around November or December",{"id":58,"label":543},"The port of Calicut closed every August",{"id":61,"label":545},"Ships were legally banned from Calicut in autumn",{"id":64,"label":547},"Taxes were only collected in winter, so merchants had to wait to pay them",[55],[550],"Think about which direction the wind blows in August, and when it reverses.","The wind that would carry a ship back towards Arabia does not turn until the north-east monsoon begins, so an August arrival meant a long wait in port, however ready the ship was.",[487,109],{"id":554,"section":23,"level":145,"prompt":555,"check":556,"hints":560,"solution":562,"skills":563},"exploration.q032","A merchant reaches Calicut around 15 August, and the wind that will carry the ship home does not turn until about 1 December. Roughly how many days is that wait?",{"kind":316,"answer":557,"tolerance":558,"unit":559},108,10,"days",[561],"Count the days month by month from mid-August to the start of December.","From mid-August to 1 December is about half of August, plus September, October and November: roughly **108 days**, a little over three months. The exact figure varies with the year, so a range of answers is sensible.",[324],{"id":565,"section":23,"level":145,"prompt":566,"check":567,"hints":578,"solution":580,"skills":581},"exploration.q033","Zheng He's fleets (1405-1433) reached the Indian Ocean and the east African coast decades before any European ship. What does this best show about the claim that Europeans \"opened up\" world sea trade?",{"kind":52,"options":568,"correct":577},[569,571,573,575],{"id":55,"label":570},"It is basically true; nobody sailed these waters before Europeans arrived",{"id":58,"label":572},"Asian, Arab, Gujarati and east African sailors had already been trading across this ocean for well over a thousand years before any European ship arrived",{"id":61,"label":574},"Zheng He's fleets copied European maps",{"id":64,"label":576},"The two facts are unrelated",[58],[579],"Compare the dates: Zheng He's voyages happened decades before which European voyage?","The Indian Ocean was already a busy, organised trading world long before 1498. European ships joined an existing system rather than creating one.",[109,412],{"id":583,"section":23,"level":177,"prompt":584,"check":585,"hints":588,"solution":590,"skills":591},"exploration.q034","Ming China's court stopped sending Zheng He's fleets after 1433. Purely as an arithmetic exercise (not a real historical record), if fleets like the first one had continued every 4 years from 1433 until Plassey in 1757, roughly how many more fleet-voyages could have been sent?",{"kind":316,"answer":586,"tolerance":388,"unit":587},81,"voyages",[589],"Subtract 1433 from 1757, then divide by 4.","1757 - 1433 = 324 years. 324 \u002F 4 is about **81 voyages**. This is a hypothetical arithmetic exercise, not a real count: the fleets were never sent after 1433.",[324,109],{"id":593,"section":27,"level":49,"prompt":594,"check":595,"hints":606,"solution":608,"skills":609},"exploration.q035","Which navigator's fleet reached Calicut on 20 May 1498, helped across the Arabian Sea by a local pilot hired at Malindi?",{"kind":52,"options":596,"correct":605},[597,599,601,603],{"id":55,"label":598},"Vasco da Gama",{"id":58,"label":600},"Christopher Columbus",{"id":61,"label":602},"Ferdinand Magellan",{"id":64,"label":604},"Zheng He",[55],[607],"This is the voyage most closely linked to a pilot picked up at Malindi.","Da Gama's fleet reached Calicut on 20 May 1498, after a pilot picked up at Malindi guided them across the Arabian Sea in about 26 days.",[412],{"id":611,"section":27,"level":92,"prompt":612,"check":613,"hints":615,"solution":617,"skills":618},"exploration.q036","Columbus left Palos on 3 August 1492 and sighted land on 12 October 1492. How many days did the whole crossing take?",{"kind":316,"answer":614,"tolerance":318,"unit":559},70,[616],"Count carefully: August has 31 days, and the crossing continues into October.","From 3 August to 12 October 1492 is **70 days**, counting carefully across August, September and into October.",[324,412],{"id":620,"section":27,"level":92,"prompt":621,"check":622,"hints":624,"solution":626,"skills":627},"exploration.q037","Vasco da Gama's fleet left Cape Verde on 3 August 1497 and did not sight land again until 4 November 1497, at St Helena Bay in southern Africa. How many days was that, out of sight of land?",{"kind":316,"answer":623,"tolerance":318,"unit":559},93,[625],"Count the days from 3 August across September and October to 4 November.","3 August to 4 November 1497 is **93 days**, one of the longest stretches out of sight of land attempted up to that time.",[324,412],{"id":629,"section":27,"level":92,"prompt":630,"check":631,"hints":642,"solution":644,"skills":645},"exploration.q038","What made da Gama's final approach to Calicut (Malindi to Calicut, about 26 days) far faster and safer than his earlier open-ocean legs?",{"kind":52,"options":632,"correct":641},[633,635,637,639],{"id":55,"label":634},"He hired a local pilot at Malindi who already knew the Arabian Sea crossing",{"id":58,"label":636},"He used a marine chronometer",{"id":61,"label":638},"The ships were rebuilt at Malindi",{"id":64,"label":640},"It was simply luck, with no local help",[55],[643],"Think about what da Gama's earlier open-ocean legs lacked that this one had.","The Malindi-to-Calicut leg was an ordinary commercial crossing for Indian Ocean sailors. A hired pilot who already knew it made the difference between guesswork and a fast, direct run.",[412,109],{"id":647,"section":27,"level":145,"prompt":648,"check":649,"hints":651,"solution":653,"skills":654},"exploration.q039","Magellan's expedition left Sanlucar on 20 September 1519, and the Victoria returned under Elcano's command on 6 September 1522. About how many days did the whole voyage take?",{"kind":316,"answer":650,"tolerance":318,"unit":559},1082,[652],"This spans nearly three full years — count the days across each year carefully.","From 20 September 1519 to 6 September 1522 is **1,082 days**, close to three years.",[324,412],{"id":656,"section":27,"level":145,"prompt":657,"check":658,"hints":662,"solution":664,"skills":665},"exploration.q040","About 270 men left Spain with Magellan in 1519. Only 18 came home on the Victoria in 1522. What percentage came home, to one decimal place?",{"kind":316,"answer":659,"tolerance":660,"unit":661},6.7,0.3,"%",[663],"Divide the number who returned by the number who set out, then multiply by 100.","18 \u002F 270 x 100 = **6.7%**, meaning the first voyage round the world was also one of the deadliest ever undertaken.",[324,666],"percentages",{"id":668,"section":27,"level":145,"prompt":669,"check":670,"hints":681,"solution":683,"skills":684},"exploration.q041","Ming records give Zheng He's first voyage (1405) about 317 ships and about 27,800 men. What does comparing this with European fleets of the same century show?",{"kind":52,"options":671,"correct":680},[672,674,676,678],{"id":55,"label":673},"It was far larger than any European fleet would be for a long time afterwards",{"id":58,"label":675},"It was smaller than the crew of a single European ship",{"id":61,"label":677},"European fleets of 1405 were already bigger",{"id":64,"label":679},"No meaningful comparison is possible",[55],[682],"Compare these numbers of ships and men with what you know of European fleets in this period.","A fleet of 317 ships and roughly 27,800 men dwarfed anything Europe could send to sea in 1405, and would remain unmatched in scale for a very long time.",[109,412],{"id":686,"section":27,"level":177,"prompt":687,"check":688,"hints":691,"solution":693,"skills":694},"exploration.q042","Da Gama's outward voyage (Lisbon to Calicut) took 316 days. Magellan-Elcano's full circumnavigation took 1,082 days. Roughly how many times longer was Magellan's voyage, to one decimal place?",{"kind":316,"answer":689,"tolerance":690},3.4,0.1,[692],"Divide the longer voyage's days by the shorter voyage's days.","1,082 \u002F 316 is about **3.4 times** as long. Magellan's crew also sailed much further, since they crossed the entire Pacific and came home the other way round the globe.",[324],{"id":696,"section":27,"level":177,"prompt":697,"check":698,"hints":709,"solution":711,"skills":712},"exploration.q043","Magellan's stated aim was to reach the Spice Islands by sailing west for Spain. Which best describes the ACTUAL result of the expedition?",{"kind":52,"options":699,"correct":708},[700,702,704,706],{"id":55,"label":701},"Magellan personally completed the plan exactly as intended",{"id":58,"label":703},"Magellan was killed in the Philippines; Elcano brought one ship home, proving the world could be circled, at huge cost in lives",{"id":61,"label":705},"The voyage achieved nothing of value",{"id":64,"label":707},"Spain lost all interest in the Spice Islands afterwards",[58],[710],"The stated aim was about reaching a place; the actual result is remembered for something else.","The stated reason (reach the Spice Islands westward) and the actual result (the first known circumnavigation, finished by Elcano, at a huge cost in lives) are related but not the same thing. This gap between plan and outcome runs through almost every voyage in this topic.",[109,412],{"id":714,"section":31,"level":49,"prompt":715,"check":716,"hints":727,"solution":729,"skills":730},"exploration.q044","Which of these crops is native to the Americas?",{"kind":52,"options":717,"correct":726},[718,720,722,724],{"id":55,"label":719},"Chilli",{"id":58,"label":721},"Black pepper",{"id":61,"label":723},"Cinnamon",{"id":64,"label":725},"Sugarcane",[55],[728],"Three of these four are old-world spices; only one first grew in the Americas.","Chilli is American, first domesticated in Mexico and Central America. Black pepper, cinnamon and sugarcane are all originally from Asia.",[487],{"id":732,"section":31,"level":49,"prompt":733,"check":734,"hints":745,"solution":747,"skills":748},"exploration.q045","Wheat, sugarcane, horses and cattle all travelled...",{"kind":52,"options":735,"correct":744},[736,738,740,742],{"id":55,"label":737},"From Europe, Asia and Africa into the Americas",{"id":58,"label":739},"Out of the Americas into Asia and Europe",{"id":61,"label":741},"They always existed everywhere",{"id":64,"label":743},"Only within Europe, never crossing an ocean",[55],[746],"None of these existed in the Americas before 1492 — which direction did they travel?","None of these existed in the Americas before 1492. They travelled there on ships as part of the Columbian exchange.",[487],{"id":750,"section":31,"level":92,"prompt":751,"check":752,"hints":754,"solution":756,"skills":757},"exploration.q046","India grows about 56 million tonnes of potatoes a year, out of a world total of about 375 million tonnes. What percentage of the world's potatoes does India grow, to one decimal place?",{"kind":316,"answer":753,"tolerance":660,"unit":661},14.9,[755],"Divide India's tonnage by the world tonnage, then multiply by 100.","56 \u002F 375 x 100 is about **14.9%**, roughly one seventh of all the potatoes grown on Earth, from a plant unknown in India before the 1500s.",[324,666],{"id":759,"section":31,"level":92,"prompt":760,"check":761,"hints":772,"solution":774,"skills":775},"exploration.q047","Chillies reached India only in the early 1500s. Before that, what mainly gave Indian food its heat?",{"kind":52,"options":762,"correct":771},[763,765,767,769],{"id":55,"label":764},"Black pepper and long pepper",{"id":58,"label":766},"Chilli, grown locally for centuries",{"id":61,"label":768},"Nothing; food had no heat at all",{"id":64,"label":770},"Tomatoes",[55],[773],"Look for a spice that is genuinely native to India, not an American import.","Black pepper and long pepper, both native to India and South-East Asia, provided heat before chillies arrived. Chillies then spread quickly because they were cheap and easy to grow almost anywhere.",[412],{"id":777,"section":31,"level":92,"prompt":778,"check":779,"hints":783,"solution":785,"skills":786},"exploration.q048","Name one crop that is native to the Andes mountains of South America and is now a staple food across much of the world.",{"kind":167,"accept":780},[781,782],"potato","potatoes",[784],"Think of a crop that grows underground and is now eaten almost everywhere in the world.","The **potato** is native to the Andes. It reached Europe and, later, India and Africa after 1492, and is now one of the world's most widely grown food crops.",[71],{"id":788,"section":31,"level":145,"prompt":789,"check":790,"hints":795,"solution":797,"skills":798},"exploration.q049","Twelve major crops are usually listed as travelling out of the Americas, and eleven main crops and animals travelled the other way, into the Americas: 23 in total. If you picked one item at random from the combined list, what is the probability it travelled OUT of the Americas, as a fraction in lowest terms?",{"kind":791,"numerator":792,"denominator":793,"acceptEquivalent":794},"fraction",12,23,true,[796],"Add the two crop counts together first for the total.","12 out of 23 items travelled out of the Americas, giving the fraction 12\u002F23. Since 23 is a prime number, this fraction is already in lowest terms.",[799,800],"fractions","probability",{"id":802,"section":31,"level":145,"prompt":803,"check":804,"hints":815,"solution":817,"skills":818},"exploration.q050","Why is \"the Columbian exchange was simply good news\" a misleading way to describe it?",{"kind":52,"options":805,"correct":814},[806,808,810,812],{"id":55,"label":807},"New crops fed more people in the long run, but the very same exchange included plantations worked by enslaved people and diseases that killed enormous numbers",{"id":58,"label":809},"It was not good news at all, in any way, for anyone",{"id":61,"label":811},"It only ever affected food, nothing else",{"id":64,"label":813},"It happened before 1000 CE, so it does not matter today",[55],[816],"Consider whether every single thing carried by those ships was welcome.","The exchange moved crops, animals, people and diseases together. New foods genuinely helped feed more people later on, but the same ships and the same plantation economy also carried immense harm. Both are true at once.",[109],{"id":820,"section":31,"level":177,"prompt":821,"check":822,"hints":824,"solution":826,"skills":827},"exploration.q051","Chillies arrived in India in the early 1500s (taken here as 1500). Using 2026 as today's year, chilli has been part of Indian cooking for 526 years. Rounded to the nearest 10 years, how long is that?",{"kind":316,"answer":823,"tolerance":318,"unit":512},530,[825],"Subtract 1500 from 2026 first, then round to the nearest 10.","2026 - 1500 = 526 years. Rounded to the nearest 10, that is **530 years**. Even a rounded figure like \"about 530 years\" is a useful reminder that a food which feels timeless is, historically speaking, a fairly recent arrival.",[324,828],"rounding",{"id":830,"section":35,"level":49,"prompt":831,"check":832,"hints":843,"solution":845,"skills":846},"exploration.q052","What is the largest single consequence of 1492 that nobody intended?",{"kind":52,"options":833,"correct":842},[834,836,838,840],{"id":55,"label":835},"Disease spreading to peoples in the Americas who had no previous exposure to it",{"id":58,"label":837},"New, more colourful maps",{"id":61,"label":839},"New spices in Europe",{"id":64,"label":841},"Faster ships",[55],[844],"Think about something that spread on its own, without anyone planning it.","Old-world diseases such as smallpox met populations in the Americas with no previous exposure and no built-up immunity, causing catastrophic loss of life, entirely unintended by anyone in 1492.",[412],{"id":848,"section":35,"level":49,"prompt":849,"check":850,"hints":861,"solution":863,"skills":864},"exploration.q053","The transatlantic slave trade mainly forced people from...",{"kind":52,"options":851,"correct":860},[852,854,856,858],{"id":55,"label":853},"Africa to the Americas",{"id":58,"label":855},"Europe to Africa",{"id":61,"label":857},"India to Europe",{"id":64,"label":859},"The Americas to Asia",[55],[862],"Think about which continent's coast the ships sailed to and from.","Between 1501 and 1866, millions of African people were forced onto ships bound for the Americas to work on plantations.",[412],{"id":866,"section":35,"level":92,"prompt":867,"check":868,"hints":871,"solution":873,"skills":874},"exploration.q054","Historians estimate that between 1501 and 1866 about 12.5 million Africans were embarked on slaving ships, and about 10.7 million arrived in the Americas. About how many million people died during the crossing, to one decimal place?",{"kind":316,"answer":869,"tolerance":690,"unit":870},1.8,"million",[872],"Subtract the number who arrived from the number who were embarked.","12.5 - 10.7 = **1.8 million** people, roughly one in seven of those embarked.",[324],{"id":876,"section":35,"level":92,"prompt":877,"check":878,"hints":880,"solution":882,"skills":883},"exploration.q055","Using the same figures (12.5 million embarked, 1.8 million died crossing), what percentage died during the crossing, to one decimal place?",{"kind":316,"answer":879,"tolerance":660,"unit":661},14.4,[881],"Divide the number who died by the number embarked, then multiply by 100.","1,800,000 \u002F 12,500,000 x 100 is about **14.4%**, a death rate that reflects the deliberate cruelty and overcrowding of the crossing, not chance.",[324,666],{"id":885,"section":35,"level":92,"prompt":886,"check":887,"hints":898,"solution":900,"skills":901},"exploration.q056","In 1765 the East India Company was granted the \"diwani\" of Bengal. What did this actually mean?",{"kind":52,"options":888,"correct":897},[889,891,893,895],{"id":55,"label":890},"The Company won the right to collect Bengal's land revenue, turning a trading company into a government",{"id":58,"label":892},"Bengal became fully independent of the Company",{"id":61,"label":894},"The Company was expelled from Bengal",{"id":64,"label":896},"It was a purely honorary title with no real power",[55],[899],"Think about what 'collecting the revenue' really means for who is in charge.","Collecting land revenue meant taxing millions of people. A company chartered to trade had, in effect, become a government, decades before the British Crown took over directly in 1858.",[412],{"id":903,"section":35,"level":92,"prompt":904,"check":905,"hints":907,"solution":909,"skills":910},"exploration.q057","The diwani was granted in 1765. India became independent in 1947. How many years is that?",{"kind":316,"answer":906,"tolerance":318,"unit":512},182,[908],"Subtract 1765 from 1947.","1947 - 1765 = **182 years** of Company and then Crown rule, before India governed itself again.",[324],{"id":912,"section":35,"level":145,"prompt":913,"check":914,"hints":925,"solution":927,"skills":928},"exploration.q058","Economic historians (estimates often associated with Paul Bairoch) suggest India's share of world manufacturing output fell from about 25% in 1750 to about 2% by 1900, while Britain's share rose. Why should these particular numbers be treated carefully?",{"kind":52,"options":915,"correct":924},[916,918,920,922],{"id":55,"label":917},"They are precise, official government statistics",{"id":58,"label":919},"They are reconstructions from indirect evidence, and different scholars give different figures, so they are disputed estimates, not exact counts",{"id":61,"label":921},"They are certainly wrong and should be ignored",{"id":64,"label":923},"Manufacturing share cannot be estimated at all, by anyone",[58],[926],"Ask: who was keeping detailed manufacturing statistics in 1750?","No country published manufacturing statistics in 1750. Economic historians reconstruct shares from population, trade records and other indirect evidence, and different methods give different results. Treat such figures as informed estimates, not precise counts.",[109,162],{"id":930,"section":35,"level":145,"prompt":931,"check":932,"hints":934,"solution":936,"skills":937},"exploration.q059","If India's manufacturing share fell from about 25% to about 2%, by what factor did it shrink (25 \u002F 2), to one decimal place?",{"kind":316,"answer":933,"tolerance":377},12.5,[935],"Divide the earlier percentage by the later one.","25 \u002F 2 = **12.5**, meaning the estimated share shrank to about one twelfth of what it had been, on this (contested) reconstruction.",[324],{"id":939,"section":35,"level":145,"prompt":940,"check":941,"hints":952,"solution":954,"skills":955},"exploration.q060","The Bengal famine of 1770 is usually described with which range of estimated deaths?",{"kind":52,"options":942,"correct":951},[943,945,947,949],{"id":55,"label":944},"About 1,000",{"id":58,"label":946},"About 1 million to about 10 million",{"id":61,"label":948},"About 100 million",{"id":64,"label":950},"Exactly 4,500,000, precisely counted",[58],[953],"Think about what kind of records existed in Bengal in 1770.","No census existed in Bengal in 1770, so historians give a wide range, commonly about 1 million to 10 million deaths. Any claim of an exact, precise figure for this event should be treated with suspicion.",[162,109],{"id":957,"section":35,"level":177,"prompt":958,"check":959,"hints":961,"solution":963,"skills":964},"exploration.q061","The Bengal famine of 1943 is estimated to have killed between 2 and 3 million people. What is the midpoint of that range, in millions, to one decimal place?",{"kind":316,"answer":960,"tolerance":318,"unit":870},2.5,[962],"Add the two ends of the range and divide by 2.","(2 + 3) \u002F 2 = **2.5 million**. A midpoint is a convenient single number to quote, but it is still not a precise count: the range itself is the honest answer, and the midpoint only summarises it.",[324,109],{"id":966,"section":39,"level":49,"prompt":967,"check":968,"hints":979,"solution":981,"skills":982},"exploration.q062","Which of these is a PRIMARY source about a voyage?",{"kind":52,"options":969,"correct":978},[970,972,974,976],{"id":55,"label":971},"A ship's log written day by day during the voyage itself",{"id":58,"label":973},"A modern textbook written in 2020",{"id":61,"label":975},"A documentary made last year",{"id":64,"label":977},"A museum information poster",[55],[980],"A primary source is made at the time by someone who was actually there.","A primary source is evidence made at the time by someone involved, such as a ship's log. The other three are all secondary sources, written or made long afterwards.",[162],{"id":984,"section":39,"level":92,"prompt":985,"check":986,"hints":997,"solution":999,"skills":1000},"exploration.q063","Why do careful historians give a RANGE (such as 8 million to over 100 million) for the population of the Americas in 1492, rather than one confident number?",{"kind":52,"options":987,"correct":996},[988,990,992,994],{"id":55,"label":989},"Because nobody counted the population at the time, and different methods of reconstruction give very different answers",{"id":58,"label":991},"Because the true number changes from year to year",{"id":61,"label":993},"Because ranges simply look more scientific",{"id":64,"label":995},"Because the exact number was only recently and definitively settled",[55],[998],"Think about what evidence historians have to work with instead of a census.","No census exists from 1492. Estimates are reconstructed from archaeology, later records and disease models, and different approaches give very different results, so an honest answer is a range.",[162,109],{"id":1002,"section":39,"level":92,"prompt":1003,"check":1004,"hints":1007,"solution":1009,"skills":1010},"exploration.q064","The Belitung shipwreck, found in 1998, contained about 60,000 Chinese ceramic pieces. If archaeologists could recover and catalogue 500 pieces per week, how many weeks would cataloguing the whole find take?",{"kind":316,"answer":1005,"tolerance":318,"unit":1006},120,"weeks",[1008],"Divide the total pieces by the weekly rate.","60,000 \u002F 500 = **120 weeks**, well over two years of steady work, which is one reason major shipwreck finds take so long to publish in full.",[324],{"id":1012,"section":39,"level":92,"prompt":1013,"check":1014,"hints":1016,"solution":1018,"skills":1019},"exploration.q065","The Mary Rose sank in 1545 and was raised in 1982. How many years was it underwater?",{"kind":316,"answer":1015,"tolerance":318,"unit":512},437,[1017],"Subtract 1545 from 1982.","1982 - 1545 = **437 years** underwater before being raised and studied.",[324],{"id":1021,"section":39,"level":145,"prompt":1022,"check":1023,"hints":1034,"solution":1036,"skills":1037},"exploration.q066","Of the voyages and travellers in this topic, whose first-hand account of a meeting has **not** survived?",{"kind":52,"options":1024,"correct":1033},[1025,1027,1029,1031],{"id":55,"label":1026},"The people of Calicut, watching the Portuguese ships arrive in 1498",{"id":58,"label":1028},"Magellan's expedition (Antonio Pigafetta's journal survives)",{"id":61,"label":1030},"Ibn Battuta (his account, the Rihla, survives)",{"id":64,"label":1032},"Zheng He (two stone inscriptions he set up survive)",[55],[1035],"Think about which side of the 1498 meeting at Calicut left a written account.","We have the travellers' accounts for Magellan's crew, Ibn Battuta and (partially) Zheng He, but no eyewitness account written by anyone standing on the Calicut shore in 1498 has survived.",[162,109],{"id":1039,"section":39,"level":145,"prompt":1040,"check":1041,"hints":1043,"solution":1045,"skills":1046},"exploration.q067","The Mary Rose spent 437 years underwater; the Vasa spent 333 years underwater. How many more years did the Mary Rose spend underwater than the Vasa?",{"kind":316,"answer":1042,"tolerance":318,"unit":512},104,[1044],"Subtract the smaller number of years from the larger.","437 - 333 = **104 years** longer for the Mary Rose, even though the Vasa is the more famous, more completely intact wreck.",[324],{"id":1048,"section":39,"level":177,"prompt":1049,"check":1050,"hints":1061,"solution":1063,"skills":1064},"exploration.q068","A ship's log records exact dates and headings, written day by day by the crew for their own use. A royal charter records what a king or company officially intended or permitted. Which is generally more reliable for telling you WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED on a voyage, and why?",{"kind":52,"options":1051,"correct":1060},[1052,1054,1056,1058],{"id":55,"label":1053},"The ship's log, since it was written at the time by people who were there, while a charter mainly records intentions that reality may not match",{"id":58,"label":1055},"The charter, because official documents are always accurate",{"id":61,"label":1057},"Neither source is ever reliable for anything",{"id":64,"label":1059},"Both are equally good for every kind of question",[55],[1062],"Think about which document was written by someone actually there, day by day.","A log and a charter answer different questions well. For **what happened**, the log (a primary, first-hand record of events) usually beats the charter (a statement of intent, permission or aim, which reality may not have matched).",[162,109],{"id":1066,"section":43,"level":49,"prompt":1067,"check":1068,"hints":1079,"solution":1081,"skills":1082},"exploration.q069","What does the Antarctic Treaty (signed 1959, in force from 1961) do?",{"kind":52,"options":1069,"correct":1078},[1070,1072,1074,1076],{"id":55,"label":1071},"Reserves Antarctica for peaceful scientific research and bans military activity there",{"id":58,"label":1073},"Divides Antarctica up among the signing countries as territory",{"id":61,"label":1075},"Allows unlimited mining across the continent",{"id":64,"label":1077},"Expired after 50 years and no longer applies",[55],[1080],"Think about what activities are banned there, and what is protected instead.","The Antarctic Treaty keeps the continent for peaceful science, with military activity banned. A later agreement, the Madrid Protocol of 1991, added a ban on mining.",[1083],"current-context",{"id":1085,"section":43,"level":49,"prompt":1086,"check":1087,"hints":1098,"solution":1100,"skills":1101},"exploration.q070","Who are the Sentinelese?",{"kind":52,"options":1088,"correct":1097},[1089,1091,1093,1095],{"id":55,"label":1090},"An uncontacted people living on North Sentinel Island, protected by an Indian government exclusion zone",{"id":58,"label":1092},"A lost European expedition from the 1500s",{"id":61,"label":1094},"A fictional people invented for adventure stories",{"id":64,"label":1096},"A team of modern deep-sea divers",[55],[1099],"Think about where North Sentinel Island is, and what choice its people have made.","The Sentinelese live on North Sentinel Island in the Andaman Islands and have chosen not to be contacted by outsiders. Indian law enforces an exclusion zone of about 5 km around the island to protect that choice.",[1083,1102],"ethics",{"id":1104,"section":43,"level":92,"prompt":1105,"check":1106,"hints":1109,"solution":1111,"skills":1112},"exploration.q071","The Challenger Deep, the deepest known point in the ocean, is about 10,935 m deep. Mount Everest is about 8,849 m tall. If Everest were dropped into the Challenger Deep, about how many metres of water would remain above its peak?",{"kind":316,"answer":1107,"tolerance":318,"unit":1108},2086,"m",[1110],"Subtract Everest's height from the Challenger Deep's depth.","10,935 - 8,849 = **2,086 m** of water would still be above the peak, over two kilometres.",[324],{"id":1114,"section":43,"level":92,"prompt":1115,"check":1116,"hints":1127,"solution":1129,"skills":1130},"exploration.q072","The Antarctic Treaty (1959) and the Outer Space Treaty (1967) share a similar idea. What is it?",{"kind":52,"options":1117,"correct":1126},[1118,1120,1122,1124],{"id":55,"label":1119},"That some places should be set aside for peaceful, shared exploration rather than claimed and fought over",{"id":58,"label":1121},"That only the richest countries may explore these places",{"id":61,"label":1123},"That all exploration of these places should stop entirely",{"id":64,"label":1125},"That treaties do not apply to scientific activity",[55],[1128],"Both treaties were written before anyone could claim ownership of the place.","Both treaties keep a place (Antarctica, or space and celestial bodies) open for peaceful use and scientific cooperation, and forbid national claims of ownership or military use.",[1083,109],{"id":1132,"section":43,"level":145,"prompt":1133,"check":1134,"hints":1137,"solution":1139,"skills":1140},"exploration.q073","Voyager 1 launched in 1977 and, in 2026, is about 165 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun. One AU is about 149,597,870 km. About how many BILLION km is that, rounded to the nearest billion?",{"kind":316,"answer":1135,"tolerance":318,"unit":1136},25,"billion km",[1138],"Multiply the number of AU by the length of one AU in km, then convert to billions.","165 x 149,597,870 is about 24,683,648,550 km, which rounds to about **25 billion km**, still less than a thousandth of the way to the nearest star.",[324],{"id":1142,"section":43,"level":145,"prompt":1143,"check":1144,"hints":1145,"solution":1147,"skills":1148},"exploration.q074","Radio signals travel at the speed of light, taking about 499 seconds to cross one astronomical unit (AU). At 165 AU, about how many HOURS does it take a signal from Voyager 1 to reach Earth, rounded to the nearest hour?",{"kind":316,"answer":793,"tolerance":318,"unit":389},[1146],"Multiply AU by 499 seconds, then divide by 3,600 to convert seconds to hours.","165 x 499 = 82,335 seconds. Divide by 3,600 to get hours: about **23 hours**, nearly a full day for a one-way radio message.",[324],{"id":1150,"section":43,"level":177,"prompt":1151,"check":1152,"hints":1163,"solution":1165,"skills":1166},"exploration.q075","Why do many people argue the ethics of exploring the deep sea, Antarctica and space, or approaching uncontacted peoples such as the Sentinelese, should look different from the ethics of exploration in 1492?",{"kind":52,"options":1153,"correct":1162},[1154,1156,1158,1160],{"id":55,"label":1155},"Because there is nobody who could possibly be harmed, so no rules are needed",{"id":58,"label":1157},"Because mostly nobody is dispossessed by exploring, and where people ARE involved, history argues for protecting their choice not to be contacted",{"id":61,"label":1159},"Because exploration ethics have not changed in any way since 1492",{"id":64,"label":1161},"Because science and ethics have nothing to do with each other",[58],[1164],"Think about what was written down and agreed before anyone arrived, compared with 1492.","Treaties for Antarctica and space were written specifically to avoid repeating the pattern of claim, conquest and dispossession seen after 1492. For the small number of genuinely uncontacted peoples left, the same history argues strongly for respecting their choice to remain uncontacted.",[1102,109],[1168,1169,1170,1171,1172,1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179,1180,1181,1182],"exploration-britannica-vasco-da-gama","exploration-britannica-zheng-he","exploration-britannica-columbian-exchange","exploration-wiki-periplus","exploration-wiki-americas-population","exploration-slavevoyages-estimates","exploration-faostat-crops","exploration-rmg-longitude","exploration-ats-treaty","exploration-wiki-magellan","exploration-wiki-deindustrialisation","exploration-noaa-challenger-deep","exploration-nasa-voyager","exploration-britannica-sentinelese","exploration-ncert-eighteenth-century","needs_review",{"generatedBy":1185,"notes":1186},"claude-code","Draft generated locally; pending owner review. Every numeric answer computed and asserted in this generator (gen_bank_claude.py), reusing content\u002Flayers\u002Fexploration's shared numbers.py where the value was already computed there. Contested figures (Americas 1492 population, Bengal famine deaths, India's manufacturing-share decline) are treated as ranges in both the questions and the solutions.","d0cdcae40d4a3dc5b845856b3f1d3ab2596a5448f23c92662483af3940c9c6e7",{"logic:questions":1189,"source:exploration-ats-treaty":1190,"source:exploration-britannica-columbian-exchange":1191,"source:exploration-britannica-sentinelese":1192,"source:exploration-britannica-vasco-da-gama":1193,"source:exploration-britannica-zheng-he":1194,"source:exploration-faostat-crops":1195,"source:exploration-nasa-voyager":1196,"source:exploration-ncert-eighteenth-century":1197,"source:exploration-noaa-challenger-deep":1198,"source:exploration-rmg-longitude":1199,"source:exploration-slavevoyages-estimates":1200,"source:exploration-wiki-americas-population":1201,"source:exploration-wiki-deindustrialisation":1202,"source:exploration-wiki-magellan":1203,"source:exploration-wiki-periplus":1204},"e7fd7c240a65bea1bff6277f7af7cca65e2c7fcb13c6d756cb943d53f3cbc948","77152faba057ce320cccdb7ceb233961c87b1a91d5dc1738316e65c9d8dfaae1","173af9ca657a131f5eaa9b5aadfbbb7aa1b4811b819ea914262fbb9f5d537944","fd8f0820ff0ee637ada4af7d85b11a9da6d1f4867c832b3a63593b823834a50e","e054215ae428cfb850b8b8daf570a0985e9ba2947d2d76f0d749b0fcac1ee180","b637778770519d258063cb94693d79fc289531d021d4ba136468117af61e1dca","8ca639dc2c65eff47d94448dc51b0cc1edc002ee81953a0a2fc1539a59e29a0a","91f24d60c79b2e44c423b9a39220c410c91492c6428db5322a1feacc6165e837","1f970d5314e0b776495d24a14fc21feef7cc0b8a8a70002b8344e3efc1dd7d69","351d74370b46fd7377e53aafd65e84a1c7849d43bf8156ce0f77e5f36894ad6a","ec4cb21136ecd92e54fb3b49d7a9d333603496550426997b368fbb0b91b3b3ce","d052ec4ecb2082c5f45811a3fddde9db35ef46c27a8109e7dc119e27c48480ac","0b0e6f85230ee89d0d7dc39590470f0282baad1c9e65aa9e7b0a3c8dfd0c021c","521046b1cb07e0d9b180db6edd4ebc9f50dd2ae6a0f4ffc0e7ce8734b89c5444","f35819f113af55113ffe01fc8ea9e7bdda0703d09c24081ad9cf70dfffc99efa","dca5e18a4b6295658748ff81b58653f6e24948c3f4d174c3763e478396e53da5","preview-7e1cbbcc4f",1789899599665]