[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1159},["ShallowReactive",2],{"questions:government-india":3},{"bank":4,"contentHash":1139,"dependencyHashes":1140,"releaseId":1158},{"schemaVersion":5,"conceptId":6,"revision":5,"title":7,"intro":8,"sections":9,"questions":42,"sourceIds":1118,"reviewStatus":1135,"authoring":1136},1,"government-india","How government works in India: question bank","Seventy questions across rules and the three organs, the Constitution and democracy, Parliament and bills, the executive and judiciary, federalism, local government, elections and voting arithmetic, and rights, duties and participation. Every numeric answer is computed and checked in Python; every question is strictly non-partisan — no party names, no living politicians, no current controversies.",[10,14,18,22,26,30,34,38],{"id":11,"title":12,"description":13},"rules-organs","Rules and the three organs","Why groups need rules, and the legislature, executive and judiciary that make, carry out and settle disputes about them.",{"id":15,"title":16,"description":17},"constitution-democracy","The Constitution, democracy and republic","The Constitution's adoption and structure, the Preamble, and what democracy and republic mean.",{"id":19,"title":20,"description":21},"parliament-bills","Parliament and how a bill becomes an Act","Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, majorities, Question Hour and committees, and the journey from bill to Act.",{"id":23,"title":24,"description":25},"executive-judiciary","The executive and the judiciary","President, Prime Minister, the civil service, the court ladder, judicial review and PIL.",{"id":27,"title":28,"description":29},"federalism","Federalism: Union, States and the lists","The Seventh Schedule's three lists, Union Territories, and which level handles what.",{"id":31,"title":32,"description":33},"local-government","Local government","Panchayati raj, urban local bodies, the 73rd and 74th Amendments, and reservation.",{"id":35,"title":36,"description":37},"elections-voting","Elections and voting arithmetic","Franchise, the Election Commission, first-past-the-post, and seat share versus vote share.",{"id":39,"title":40,"description":41},"rights-duties-participation","Rights, duties, taxes and participation","Fundamental Rights and Duties, RTI, public money, and how a citizen takes part.",[43,67,85,102,117,134,148,168,186,198,216,234,252,264,282,300,310,319,336,345,354,363,379,389,397,407,425,434,444,462,474,492,509,526,544,561,579,588,606,624,637,654,672,686,699,708,726,735,749,766,784,802,811,829,847,856,865,876,885,902,920,930,937,946,956,966,979,989,998,1016,1034,1042,1054,1072,1083,1101],{"id":44,"section":11,"level":45,"prompt":46,"check":47,"hints":63,"solution":64,"skills":65},"government-india.q001","foundation","Which of these is one of the three jobs every government has to do?",{"kind":48,"options":49,"correct":62},"choice",[50,53,56,59],{"id":51,"label":52},"a","Make the rules",{"id":54,"label":55},"b","Sell products",{"id":57,"label":58},"c","Play sport",{"id":60,"label":61},"d","Write songs",[51],[],"A government's three jobs are to make the rules, carry them out, and settle disputes about them. 'Make the rules' is the legislature's job.",[66],"civics-basics",{"id":68,"section":11,"level":45,"prompt":69,"check":70,"hints":81,"solution":82,"skills":83},"government-india.q002","In India, which organ of government makes laws?",{"kind":48,"options":71,"correct":80},[72,74,76,78],{"id":51,"label":73},"The judiciary",{"id":54,"label":75},"The legislature",{"id":57,"label":77},"The executive",{"id":60,"label":79},"The civil service",[54],[],"The legislature (Parliament at the Union level, and state legislatures) makes laws. The executive carries them out, and the judiciary settles disputes about them.",[84],"three-organs",{"id":86,"section":11,"level":45,"prompt":87,"check":88,"hints":97,"solution":99,"skills":100},"government-india.q003","True or false: in a well-designed government, the same person or office usually makes the rules, carries them out, AND judges whether they were broken.",{"kind":48,"options":89,"correct":96},[90,93],{"id":91,"label":92},"true","True",{"id":94,"label":95},"false","False",[94],[98],"Think about the bus-stand dispute example: could the same office build something and then fairly judge a complaint against itself?","False. Splitting the three jobs among different hands (separation of powers) is one of the most important protections an ordinary person has against being treated unfairly by their own government.",[101],"separation-of-powers",{"id":103,"section":11,"level":104,"prompt":105,"check":106,"hints":114,"solution":115,"skills":116},"government-india.q004","core","A state government builds a new road. Two farmers claim it was built on their land without proper compensation and go to court. Which organ of government hears their case?",{"kind":48,"options":107,"correct":113},[108,109,110,111],{"id":51,"label":75},{"id":54,"label":77},{"id":57,"label":73},{"id":60,"label":112},"The Election Commission",[57],[],"Building the road is executive work. Deciding the dispute about it is a judicial matter, so it goes to the judiciary — a court, not the body that built the road.",[84],{"id":118,"section":11,"level":104,"prompt":119,"check":120,"hints":131,"solution":132,"skills":133},"government-india.q005","Parliament debates and votes on a new bill about vehicle safety. Which organ is doing this?",{"kind":48,"options":121,"correct":130},[122,124,126,128],{"id":51,"label":123},"Legislature",{"id":54,"label":125},"Executive",{"id":57,"label":127},"Judiciary",{"id":60,"label":129},"Civil service",[51],[],"Debating and voting on a bill is rule-making — the legislature's job.",[84],{"id":135,"section":11,"level":104,"prompt":136,"check":137,"hints":145,"solution":146,"skills":147},"government-india.q006","The Motor Vehicles Department issues driving licences and enforces the rules Parliament has passed. Which organ is doing this?",{"kind":48,"options":138,"correct":144},[139,140,141,142],{"id":51,"label":123},{"id":54,"label":125},{"id":57,"label":127},{"id":60,"label":143},"None of these",[54],[],"Carrying out a law that already exists — issuing licences, enforcing rules — is executive work.",[84],{"id":149,"section":11,"level":150,"prompt":151,"check":152,"hints":163,"solution":165,"skills":166},"government-india.q007","stretch","A government office can write a rule, decide whether someone broke it, and punish them, all by itself, with nobody else involved. What is the general name for the design principle this office is violating?",{"kind":48,"options":153,"correct":162},[154,156,158,160],{"id":51,"label":155},"Separation of powers",{"id":54,"label":157},"Federalism",{"id":57,"label":159},"Universal franchise",{"id":60,"label":161},"Judicial review",[51],[164],"Think about being 'judge in your own case'.","This is exactly what 'separation of powers' protects against: if one office could write a rule, judge whether you broke it, and punish you, you would have no fair way to defend yourself, because the same party is prosecutor, rule-maker and judge.",[101,167],"reasoning",{"id":169,"section":11,"level":150,"prompt":170,"check":171,"hints":182,"solution":183,"skills":184},"government-india.q008","A residents' association's managing committee both decides the monthly maintenance fee AND hears complaints when a resident refuses to pay it. What is the best description of the problem with this arrangement?",{"kind":48,"options":172,"correct":181},[173,175,177,179],{"id":51,"label":174},"A conflict of interest — the same body sets the rule and judges disputes about it",{"id":54,"label":176},"The committee meets too rarely",{"id":57,"label":178},"There is no problem, since the committee was elected",{"id":60,"label":180},"The fee is probably too high",[51],[],"The committee is both rule-maker and judge in its own dispute, which is a conflict of interest — a resident who disagrees has nobody neutral to appeal to. Following the three-organs model, the association could set up a small, separate panel (not the same people who set the fee) to hear disputes.",[101,185],"applied-reasoning",{"id":187,"section":11,"level":188,"prompt":189,"check":190,"hints":194,"solution":196,"skills":197},"government-india.q009","challenge","Put the three jobs of government in the order this topic introduced them: making rules, then carrying them out, then settling disputes about them. Name the three organs, in that exact order, as one phrase (for example: 'first, second, third').",{"kind":191,"accept":192},"text",[193],"legislature executive judiciary",[195],"The order matches how they were introduced in Discover: make, do, judge.","In order: the **legislature** makes the rules, the **executive** carries them out, and the **judiciary** settles disputes about them. Combining any two of these into one office removes the check the separation is meant to provide — for example, combining rule-making with judging lets a rule-maker judge its own rules unfairly.",[101,167],{"id":199,"section":15,"level":45,"prompt":200,"check":201,"hints":212,"solution":213,"skills":214},"government-india.q010","On what date did India's Constitution come into force?",{"kind":48,"options":202,"correct":211},[203,205,207,209],{"id":51,"label":204},"15 August 1947",{"id":54,"label":206},"26 November 1949",{"id":57,"label":208},"26 January 1950",{"id":60,"label":210},"9 December 1946",[57],[],"The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force 61 days later, on 26 January 1950 — Republic Day.",[215],"constitution-dates",{"id":217,"section":15,"level":45,"prompt":218,"check":219,"hints":230,"solution":231,"skills":232},"government-india.q011","Who chaired the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly?",{"kind":48,"options":220,"correct":229},[221,223,225,227],{"id":51,"label":222},"Jawaharlal Nehru",{"id":54,"label":224},"Dr B. R. Ambedkar",{"id":57,"label":226},"Mahatma Gandhi",{"id":60,"label":228},"Rajendra Prasad",[54],[],"Dr B. R. Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee, which turned the Constituent Assembly's decisions into precise legal text.",[233],"constitution-history",{"id":235,"section":15,"level":45,"prompt":236,"check":237,"hints":248,"solution":249,"skills":250},"government-india.q012","What does it mean for India to be a 'republic'?",{"kind":48,"options":238,"correct":247},[239,241,243,245],{"id":51,"label":240},"It holds elections",{"id":54,"label":242},"Its head of state is elected, not born into the job",{"id":57,"label":244},"It has states as well as a Union government",{"id":60,"label":246},"It has a written constitution",[54],[],"A republic's head of state is chosen, not inherited. India's head of state, the President, is elected — unlike a monarchy's king or queen.",[251],"republic-democracy",{"id":253,"section":15,"level":104,"prompt":254,"check":255,"hints":259,"solution":261,"skills":262},"government-india.q013","How many days passed between the Constitution's adoption on 26 November 1949 and it coming into force on 26 January 1950?",{"kind":256,"answer":257,"tolerance":258},"number",61,0,[260],"November has 30 days; count the remaining days of November, then all of December, then to 26 January.","Counting from 26 November 1949 to 26 January 1950 gives 61 days.",[263],"date-arithmetic",{"id":265,"section":15,"level":104,"prompt":266,"check":267,"hints":278,"solution":279,"skills":280},"government-india.q014","In the Preamble, what does the word 'secular' mean?",{"kind":48,"options":268,"correct":277},[269,271,273,275],{"id":51,"label":270},"India has no religion of its own and treats every faith equally",{"id":54,"label":272},"Religion is banned in India",{"id":57,"label":274},"Only one religion is official",{"id":60,"label":276},"Religious festivals cannot be public holidays",[51],[],"Secular describes the state, not the people: the state has no religion of its own, favours none, and protects every person's freedom to follow any faith or none.",[281],"preamble",{"id":283,"section":15,"level":104,"prompt":284,"check":285,"hints":296,"solution":297,"skills":298},"government-india.q015","A country holds one election, and the winners then decide never to hold another. Is this still a democracy?",{"kind":48,"options":286,"correct":295},[287,289,291,293],{"id":51,"label":288},"Yes, because the people chose them once",{"id":54,"label":290},"No — democracy needs the guarantee that the people can change their minds at a later election",{"id":57,"label":292},"Yes, as long as the government performs well",{"id":60,"label":294},"It depends on turnout at the first election",[54],[],"Democracy depends on the guarantee of the NEXT election, not just the first one. A government that cannot be removed does not have to keep listening, however well it started.",[299],"democracy-definition",{"id":301,"section":15,"level":104,"prompt":302,"check":303,"hints":306,"solution":308,"skills":309},"government-india.q016","Roughly how many years did the Constituent Assembly take to draft the Constitution, from its first meeting to adoption?",{"kind":256,"answer":304,"tolerance":305},3,0.2,[307],"1,083 days divided by about 365 days a year.","From the Constituent Assembly's first meeting (9 December 1946) to adoption (26 November 1949) is 1,083 days, about 3.0 years — just under three years.",[233],{"id":311,"section":15,"level":150,"prompt":312,"check":313,"hints":315,"solution":316,"skills":317},"government-india.q017","The words 'socialist' and 'secular' were not in the Preamble's original 1949 text. In which year were they inserted?",{"kind":256,"answer":314,"tolerance":258},1976,[],"They were inserted by an amendment in 1976. This shows that even the Preamble — the Constitution's opening statement of values — can be amended, confirming that no part of the document, however foundational-sounding, is permanently frozen.",[281,318],"amendability",{"id":320,"section":15,"level":150,"prompt":321,"check":322,"hints":333,"solution":334,"skills":335},"government-india.q018","A country's head of state inherits the job and keeps it for life. A different country's head of state is elected for a fixed term. Which of these two is the republic?",{"kind":48,"options":323,"correct":332},[324,326,328,330],{"id":51,"label":325},"The one where the head of state inherits the job",{"id":54,"label":327},"The one where the head of state is elected for a fixed term",{"id":57,"label":329},"Both are republics",{"id":60,"label":331},"Neither is a republic",[54],[],"A monarchy's head of state inherits the job and typically keeps it for life; a republic's head of state is chosen, often for a fixed term. India is a republic: its head of state, the President, is elected for a five-year term rather than inheriting the office.",[251,167],{"id":337,"section":15,"level":188,"prompt":338,"check":339,"hints":341,"solution":343,"skills":344},"government-india.q019","The Constituent Assembly first met on 9 December 1946 and the Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949, a gap of 1,083 days. If instead the Assembly had taken exactly double that many days, on what would the new adoption date have been (give the year only)?",{"kind":256,"answer":340,"tolerance":258},1953,[342],"1,083 × 2 days is roughly 5.9 years.","Double 1,083 days is 2,166 days ≈ 5.9 years from 9 December 1946, landing in **1953** — a reminder of how long real constitution-drafting projects can take when they run into difficulty.",[263,167],{"id":346,"section":19,"level":45,"prompt":347,"check":348,"hints":350,"solution":351,"skills":352},"government-india.q020","How many members of the Lok Sabha are chosen by direct election today?",{"kind":256,"answer":349,"tolerance":258},543,[],"543 members are directly elected to the Lok Sabha, one from each constituency.",[353],"parliament-composition",{"id":355,"section":19,"level":45,"prompt":356,"check":357,"hints":360,"solution":361,"skills":362},"government-india.q021","What is the maximum life of the Lok Sabha, unless dissolved earlier?",{"kind":256,"answer":358,"tolerance":258,"unit":359},5,"years",[],"The Lok Sabha's maximum term is 5 years, though it can be dissolved earlier.",[353],{"id":364,"section":19,"level":45,"prompt":365,"check":366,"hints":375,"solution":376,"skills":377},"government-india.q022","A bill has been passed by both Houses of Parliament. Is it already the law of the land?",{"kind":48,"options":367,"correct":374},[368,371],{"id":369,"label":370},"yes","Yes",{"id":372,"label":373},"no","No — it still needs the President's assent",[372],[],"A bill only becomes an Act — real, enforceable law — once the President gives assent. Passage by both Houses is necessary but not sufficient on its own.",[378],"bill-to-act",{"id":380,"section":19,"level":104,"prompt":381,"check":382,"hints":384,"solution":386,"skills":387},"government-india.q023","What is the smallest number of votes that guarantees a majority in the Lok Sabha, if all 543 members are present and voting?",{"kind":256,"answer":383,"tolerance":258},272,[385],"Divide 543 by 2, then round up to the next whole number if it is not already whole.","A majority is more than half. Half of 543 is 271.5, so the smallest whole number greater than that is 272.",[388],"majority-arithmetic",{"id":390,"section":19,"level":104,"prompt":391,"check":392,"hints":394,"solution":395,"skills":396},"government-india.q024","The Rajya Sabha has a total strength of 245 (233 elected + 12 nominated). What is the smallest number of votes for a majority there?",{"kind":256,"answer":393,"tolerance":258},123,[],"Half of 245 is 122.5, so the smallest whole number greater than that is 123.",[388],{"id":398,"section":19,"level":104,"prompt":399,"check":400,"hints":403,"solution":404,"skills":405},"government-india.q025","A money bill has been sent to the Rajya Sabha. Within how many days must it be returned with any recommendations?",{"kind":256,"answer":401,"tolerance":258,"unit":402},14,"days",[],"The Rajya Sabha must return a money bill within 14 days; the Lok Sabha may accept or reject its recommendations, and if the Rajya Sabha does nothing at all in that time the bill is deemed passed anyway.",[406],"money-bills",{"id":408,"section":19,"level":104,"prompt":409,"check":410,"hints":421,"solution":422,"skills":423},"government-india.q026","What is Zero Hour?",{"kind":48,"options":411,"correct":420},[412,414,416,418],{"id":51,"label":413},"The time when Parliament is not sitting at all",{"id":54,"label":415},"An Indian convention allowing members to raise urgent matters without advance notice",{"id":57,"label":417},"The final hour of the Budget session",{"id":60,"label":419},"The hour when the President addresses Parliament",[54],[],"Zero Hour is an Indian parliamentary invention, run entirely on convention rather than a written rule, letting members raise urgent matters without the advance notice Question Hour requires.",[424],"parliament-procedure",{"id":426,"section":19,"level":104,"prompt":427,"check":428,"hints":430,"solution":431,"skills":432},"government-india.q027","How many Departmentally Related Standing Committees does Parliament have?",{"kind":256,"answer":429,"tolerance":258},24,[],"There are 24 standing committees (16 under the Lok Sabha, 8 under the Rajya Sabha), restructured to this number in 2004 from an earlier 17.",[433],"parliament-committees",{"id":435,"section":19,"level":150,"prompt":436,"check":437,"hints":439,"solution":441,"skills":442},"government-india.q028","A federal-provisions Constitution amendment needs its own special majority in each House separately, with no joint sitting available. If 500 Lok Sabha members are present and voting, and the Lok Sabha's total membership is 543, what is the smallest number of Lok Sabha votes the amendment needs? (Two-thirds of those present, or a majority of total membership, whichever is higher.)",{"kind":256,"answer":438,"tolerance":258},334,[440],"Compute two-thirds of 500, then compare it with 272.","Two-thirds of 500 is 334; a majority of the total membership 543 is 272. The higher of the two, 334, is what the amendment needs.",[443],"amendment-arithmetic",{"id":445,"section":19,"level":150,"prompt":446,"check":447,"hints":458,"solution":459,"skills":460},"government-india.q029","A joint sitting can resolve a deadlock between the two Houses over an ordinary bill. Which of these can it NOT be used for?",{"kind":48,"options":448,"correct":457},[449,451,453,455],{"id":51,"label":450},"A money bill or a Constitution amendment bill",{"id":54,"label":452},"Any bill at all, without exception",{"id":57,"label":454},"A bill introduced in the Rajya Sabha",{"id":60,"label":456},"A bill about railways",[51],[],"A joint sitting is unavailable for money bills (where the Lok Sabha's word is already final) and for Constitution amendment bills (which must be passed separately by each House with its own special majority) — deliberately, so that changing the Constitution requires the considered agreement of both Houses independently, not a numbers game the larger House usually wins.",[461,167],"amendment-procedure",{"id":463,"section":19,"level":188,"prompt":464,"check":465,"hints":469,"solution":471,"skills":472},"government-india.q030","Joint sittings under Article 108 have been held exactly 3 times in India's history: 1961, 1978 and 2002. In the 2002 sitting, the bill passed by 425 votes to 296. What percentage of the 721 votes cast were in favour, to one decimal place?",{"kind":256,"answer":466,"tolerance":467,"unit":468},58.9,0.1,"%",[470],"Divide the votes in favour by the total votes cast, then multiply by 100.","425 ÷ 721 × 100 = 58.9%, so about 58.9% voted in favour.",[473],"percentage-arithmetic",{"id":475,"section":23,"level":45,"prompt":476,"check":477,"hints":488,"solution":489,"skills":490},"government-india.q031","Who is India's head of STATE?",{"kind":48,"options":478,"correct":487},[479,481,483,485],{"id":51,"label":480},"The Prime Minister",{"id":54,"label":482},"The President",{"id":57,"label":484},"The Chief Justice",{"id":60,"label":486},"The Speaker",[54],[],"The President is India's head of state. The Prime Minister is head of government — a different role.",[491],"president-pm",{"id":493,"section":23,"level":45,"prompt":494,"check":495,"hints":506,"solution":507,"skills":508},"government-india.q032","Who actually drives day-to-day government policy in India?",{"kind":48,"options":496,"correct":505},[497,499,501,503],{"id":51,"label":498},"The President, alone",{"id":54,"label":500},"The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers",{"id":57,"label":502},"The Chief Justice of India",{"id":60,"label":504},"The Speaker of the Lok Sabha",[54],[],"The President acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister, who in practice drives policy.",[491],{"id":510,"section":23,"level":45,"prompt":511,"check":512,"hints":522,"solution":523,"skills":524},"government-india.q033","Which court is at the very top of India's court system?",{"kind":48,"options":513,"correct":521},[514,516,518,520],{"id":51,"label":515},"A High Court",{"id":54,"label":517},"A district court",{"id":57,"label":519},"The Supreme Court",{"id":60,"label":112},[57],[],"The Supreme Court, in New Delhi, is the final court of appeal for the whole country, above the High Courts and district courts.",[525],"court-ladder",{"id":527,"section":23,"level":104,"prompt":528,"check":529,"hints":540,"solution":541,"skills":542},"government-india.q034","What is 'judicial review'?",{"kind":48,"options":530,"correct":539},[531,533,535,537],{"id":51,"label":532},"A court checking whether a law or government action is constitutional, and striking it down if not",{"id":54,"label":534},"Parliament reviewing a judge's decision",{"id":57,"label":536},"The President reviewing a bill",{"id":60,"label":538},"A yearly review of all judges' performance",[51],[],"Judicial review is the power of courts to check a law or executive action against the Constitution and strike it down if it conflicts — no Act of Parliament or executive order is beyond this check.",[543],"judicial-review",{"id":545,"section":23,"level":104,"prompt":546,"check":547,"hints":557,"solution":558,"skills":559},"government-india.q035","Who recruits India's permanent civil service?",{"kind":48,"options":548,"correct":556},[549,551,553,555],{"id":51,"label":550},"Whoever is currently Prime Minister",{"id":54,"label":552},"The Union Public Service Commission, by open competitive examination",{"id":57,"label":554},"Each individual minister",{"id":60,"label":519},[54],[],"The Union Public Service Commission (and state commissions for state services) recruits by open competitive examination, so civil servants are chosen on merit rather than by whoever happens to be in charge.",[560],"civil-service",{"id":562,"section":23,"level":104,"prompt":563,"check":564,"hints":575,"solution":576,"skills":577},"government-india.q036","What is public interest litigation (PIL)?",{"kind":48,"options":565,"correct":574},[566,568,570,572],{"id":51,"label":567},"A case that can only be brought by someone personally harmed",{"id":54,"label":569},"A case brought on behalf of people who cannot easily reach a court themselves, such as bonded labourers",{"id":57,"label":571},"A case only the government can bring",{"id":60,"label":573},"A case decided without any judge",[54],[],"From the late 1970s, courts relaxed the usual rule (only someone personally affected may sue) to allow public interest litigation on behalf of people who cannot easily approach a court themselves.",[578],"pil",{"id":580,"section":23,"level":104,"prompt":581,"check":582,"hints":584,"solution":585,"skills":586},"government-india.q037","At what age does a Supreme Court judge retire?",{"kind":256,"answer":583,"tolerance":258,"unit":359},65,[],"A Supreme Court judge holds office until age 65 (Article 124(2)); a High Court judge retires earlier, at 62 (Article 217(1)).",[587],"judicial-tenure",{"id":589,"section":23,"level":150,"prompt":590,"check":591,"hints":602,"solution":603,"skills":604},"government-india.q038","If a judge COULD be removed simply for ruling against the government in a case, what would that most directly threaten?",{"kind":48,"options":592,"correct":601},[593,595,597,599],{"id":51,"label":594},"The judge's independence — future rulings would be shaped by fear of losing the job",{"id":54,"label":596},"Nothing — judges should be answerable to the government",{"id":57,"label":598},"Only the government's popularity",{"id":60,"label":600},"The size of the court's budget",[51],[],"If a judge could be removed for ruling against the government or an unpopular party, every future ruling would be shaped by fear of losing the job rather than by the law. Security of tenure removes that pressure, which is why nearly every other judicial protection depends on it.",[605,167],"judicial-independence",{"id":607,"section":23,"level":150,"prompt":608,"check":609,"hints":620,"solution":621,"skills":622},"government-india.q039","The collegium lets judges recommend judges rather than the executive choosing alone. What is the main trade-off this creates?",{"kind":48,"options":610,"correct":619},[611,613,615,617],{"id":51,"label":612},"It protects independence from the executive, but the recommending body answers to no elected institution",{"id":54,"label":614},"It makes appointments faster with no downside at all",{"id":57,"label":616},"It removes the need for any judges at all",{"id":60,"label":618},"It gives the legislature full control over appointments",[51],[],"Judges recommending judges reduces the risk of the executive appointing only judges who will rule in its favour, protecting independence. The trade-off: the body doing the recommending answers to nobody outside itself, since it is neither elected nor directly supervised by an elected institution.",[623,167],"collegium",{"id":625,"section":23,"level":188,"prompt":626,"check":627,"hints":632,"solution":634,"skills":635},"government-india.q040","A bill has passed both Houses of Parliament and the President has just returned it once for reconsideration. Parliament passes it again, unchanged. What must the President now do?",{"kind":191,"accept":628},[629,630,631],"must give assent","give assent","assent",[633],"Assent cannot be withheld a second time once Parliament has repassed the bill.","The President must give assent. The Constitution allows the President to send an ordinary bill back once, but if Parliament passes it again in the same or amended form, assent must follow — otherwise the elected Parliament's considered, repeated decision could be blocked indefinitely by one unelected office.",[636,167],"presidential-assent",{"id":638,"section":27,"level":45,"prompt":639,"check":640,"hints":650,"solution":651,"skills":652},"government-india.q041","Which list of the Seventh Schedule covers subjects only Parliament can make laws on?",{"kind":48,"options":641,"correct":649},[642,644,646,648],{"id":51,"label":643},"Union List",{"id":54,"label":645},"State List",{"id":57,"label":647},"Concurrent List",{"id":60,"label":143},[51],[],"The Union List covers subjects only Parliament may legislate on, such as defence, railways and currency.",[653],"seventh-schedule",{"id":655,"section":27,"level":45,"prompt":656,"check":657,"hints":668,"solution":669,"skills":670},"government-india.q042","Railways in India are handled at which level of government?",{"kind":48,"options":658,"correct":667},[659,661,663,665],{"id":51,"label":660},"Local",{"id":54,"label":662},"State",{"id":57,"label":664},"Union",{"id":60,"label":666},"It varies by state",[57],[],"Railways are a Union subject: one network, one gauge, across every state border.",[671],"levels-of-government",{"id":673,"section":27,"level":104,"prompt":674,"check":675,"hints":683,"solution":684,"skills":685},"government-india.q043","Police is a subject on which list?",{"kind":48,"options":676,"correct":682},[677,678,679,680],{"id":51,"label":643},{"id":54,"label":645},{"id":57,"label":647},{"id":60,"label":681},"It is not listed",[54],[],"Police and public order are State List subjects; each state raises, trains and pays for its own force.",[653],{"id":687,"section":27,"level":104,"prompt":688,"check":689,"hints":696,"solution":697,"skills":698},"government-india.q044","Education is a subject on which list?",{"kind":48,"options":690,"correct":695},[691,692,693,694],{"id":51,"label":643},{"id":54,"label":645},{"id":57,"label":647},{"id":60,"label":681},[57],[],"Education is on the Concurrent List: both Parliament and state legislatures may make law on it, though most day-to-day running of schools sits with the states.",[653],{"id":700,"section":27,"level":104,"prompt":701,"check":702,"hints":704,"solution":705,"skills":706},"government-india.q045","The Seventh Schedule has 97 Union List entries, 66 State List entries and 47 Concurrent List entries. What is the total?",{"kind":256,"answer":703,"tolerance":258},210,[],"97 + 66 + 47 = 210.",[707],"addition",{"id":709,"section":27,"level":104,"prompt":710,"check":711,"hints":722,"solution":723,"skills":724},"government-india.q046","When Parliament and a state legislature both make a genuinely conflicting law on the same Concurrent List subject, whose law generally prevails?",{"kind":48,"options":712,"correct":721},[713,715,717,719],{"id":51,"label":714},"The State's",{"id":54,"label":716},"The Union's",{"id":57,"label":718},"Neither — both are void",{"id":60,"label":720},"Whichever was passed first",[54],[],"The Union law generally prevails and the conflicting part of the state law becomes void, with a narrow exception if the state law had received the President's assent first.",[725],"concurrent-list",{"id":727,"section":27,"level":150,"prompt":728,"check":729,"hints":731,"solution":733,"skills":734},"government-india.q047","What percentage of the 210 total Seventh Schedule entries sits on the Union List alone, to one decimal place?",{"kind":256,"answer":730,"tolerance":467,"unit":468},46.2,[732],"Divide 97 by 210, then multiply by 100.","97 ÷ 210 × 100 = 46.2%.",[473],{"id":736,"section":27,"level":150,"prompt":737,"check":738,"hints":746,"solution":747,"skills":748},"government-india.q048","Criminal law needs broadly consistent treatment across the whole country, but its day-to-day administration and some variation still matter to individual states. Which list best fits a subject with both of these features?",{"kind":48,"options":739,"correct":745},[740,741,742,743],{"id":51,"label":643},{"id":54,"label":645},{"id":57,"label":647},{"id":60,"label":744},"It cannot be listed",[57],[],"The Concurrent List is exactly for subjects like this: it lets both Parliament and state legislatures legislate, with Union law prevailing in a genuine conflict — which is why criminal law sits there rather than on the Union or State List alone.",[725,167],{"id":750,"section":27,"level":188,"prompt":751,"check":752,"hints":763,"solution":764,"skills":765},"government-india.q049","A new subject is being classified for the Seventh Schedule: 'a nationwide digital identity system usable across every state, but also touching state-run welfare schemes.' Using the reasoning this topic has given for each list, which is the best-justified placement?",{"kind":48,"options":753,"correct":762},[754,756,758,760],{"id":51,"label":755},"Union List, because uniformity is essential to the system working at all",{"id":54,"label":757},"State List, because welfare schemes are a State matter",{"id":57,"label":759},"Concurrent List, because it has both a nationwide-consistency need and a genuine State-level interest",{"id":60,"label":761},"It cannot be classified under the Seventh Schedule at all",[57],[],"This subject has both a nationwide-consistency need (Union-like reasoning: one system usable everywhere) and a genuine State-level interest (welfare schemes states run themselves) — exactly the pattern that puts education and criminal law on the Concurrent List. A well-argued case for the Union List alone is defensible too, but the Concurrent List best matches the reasoning this topic has used throughout.",[653,167],{"id":767,"section":31,"level":45,"prompt":768,"check":769,"hints":780,"solution":781,"skills":782},"government-india.q050","Which amendment gave constitutional status to rural local government (panchayati raj)?",{"kind":48,"options":770,"correct":779},[771,773,775,777],{"id":51,"label":772},"42nd Amendment",{"id":54,"label":774},"61st Amendment",{"id":57,"label":776},"73rd Amendment",{"id":60,"label":778},"86th Amendment",[57],[],"The 73rd Amendment of 1992 gave panchayati raj constitutional status; the 74th Amendment did the same for urban local bodies.",[783],"73rd-74th-amendments",{"id":785,"section":31,"level":45,"prompt":786,"check":787,"hints":798,"solution":799,"skills":800},"government-india.q051","Who heads an elected gram panchayat?",{"kind":48,"options":788,"correct":797},[789,791,793,795],{"id":51,"label":790},"The Chief Minister",{"id":54,"label":792},"The sarpanch",{"id":57,"label":794},"The Governor",{"id":60,"label":796},"The District Collector",[54],[],"The sarpanch is the elected head of a gram panchayat.",[801],"panchayati-raj",{"id":803,"section":31,"level":104,"prompt":804,"check":805,"hints":806,"solution":808,"skills":809},"government-india.q052","A gram panchayat has 15 seats. At least one-third must be reserved for women. What is the smallest number of seats that satisfies this?",{"kind":256,"answer":358,"tolerance":258},[807],"Divide 15 by 3, then round UP to the next whole number if it is not already whole.","One-third of 15 is 5.00; since reservation cannot be a fraction of a seat and 'at least one-third' requires rounding up, the smallest number is 5.",[810],"reservation-arithmetic",{"id":812,"section":31,"level":104,"prompt":813,"check":814,"hints":825,"solution":826,"skills":827},"government-india.q053","What is the gram sabha?",{"kind":48,"options":815,"correct":824},[816,818,820,822],{"id":51,"label":817},"An elected council that runs a village",{"id":54,"label":819},"The meeting of every adult voter registered in the village",{"id":57,"label":821},"A court that hears village disputes",{"id":60,"label":823},"The state's rural development department",[54],[],"The gram sabha is not elected — it is every adult voter in the village, meeting together, and it has the constitutional right to question the gram panchayat's plans, budgets and accounts.",[828],"gram-sabha",{"id":830,"section":31,"level":104,"prompt":831,"check":832,"hints":843,"solution":844,"skills":845},"government-india.q054","Which urban local body typically governs a large city, headed by an elected Mayor alongside an appointed Municipal Commissioner?",{"kind":48,"options":833,"correct":842},[834,836,838,840],{"id":51,"label":835},"Nagar panchayat",{"id":54,"label":837},"Municipal council",{"id":57,"label":839},"Municipal corporation",{"id":60,"label":841},"Zila parishad",[57],[],"A municipal corporation typically governs a large city, with an elected Mayor and a separately appointed Municipal Commissioner running day-to-day administration.",[846],"urban-local-bodies",{"id":848,"section":31,"level":150,"prompt":849,"check":850,"hints":852,"solution":854,"skills":855},"government-india.q055","A gram panchayat has 21 seats. Using the same 'at least one-third' rule as above, what is the smallest number of seats that must be reserved for women?",{"kind":256,"answer":851,"tolerance":258},7,[853],"Check whether 21 divides evenly by 3 before deciding whether you need to round.","21 ÷ 3 = 7 exactly, so the smallest number satisfying 'at least one-third' is **7** — no rounding needed this time, since 21 divides evenly by 3.",[810],{"id":857,"section":31,"level":150,"prompt":858,"check":859,"hints":862,"solution":863,"skills":864},"government-india.q056","According to Article 243B, a state with a population below how many lakh may skip the middle panchayat tier and have only two tiers instead of three?",{"kind":256,"answer":860,"tolerance":258,"unit":861},20,"lakh",[],"Article 243B allows a state with a population under 20 lakh to skip the middle tier (the panchayat samiti), since a full three-tier structure may not be needed or practical for a smaller population — the Constitution fixes the outer structure (village and district tiers) as compulsory while leaving the middle tier flexible.",[801,167],{"id":866,"section":31,"level":188,"prompt":867,"check":868,"hints":871,"solution":873,"skills":874},"government-india.q057","A village has a panchayat fund of ₹40 lakh shared among 2,500 people, and a neighbouring, larger village has a fund of ₹60 lakh shared among 1,200 people. Which village gets more rupees per person, and by how much?",{"kind":256,"answer":869,"tolerance":258,"unit":870},3400,"₹",[872],"Divide each village's fund by its population separately before comparing.","Village 1: ₹40,00,000 ÷ 2,500 = ₹1,600 per person. Village 2: ₹60,00,000 ÷ 1,200 = ₹5,000 per person. Village 2 gets more, by ₹5,000 − ₹1,600 = **₹3,400** more per person, even though its fund and population are both different from Village 1's.",[875,167],"division-arithmetic",{"id":877,"section":35,"level":45,"prompt":878,"check":879,"hints":881,"solution":882,"skills":883},"government-india.q058","At what age can an Indian citizen vote?",{"kind":256,"answer":880,"tolerance":258,"unit":359},18,[],"Every citizen aged 18 or older who is on the electoral roll may vote — universal adult franchise.",[884],"franchise",{"id":886,"section":35,"level":45,"prompt":887,"check":888,"hints":898,"solution":899,"skills":900},"government-india.q059","Which body runs India's elections, independent of the government of the day?",{"kind":48,"options":889,"correct":897},[890,892,894,895],{"id":51,"label":891},"The Ministry of Home Affairs",{"id":54,"label":893},"The Election Commission of India",{"id":57,"label":519},{"id":60,"label":896},"The ruling party's office",[54],[],"The Election Commission of India is deliberately independent of the government of the day and runs elections, from the electoral rolls to counting.",[901],"election-commission",{"id":903,"section":35,"level":45,"prompt":904,"check":905,"hints":916,"solution":917,"skills":918},"government-india.q060","In first-past-the-post, what does it take to win a constituency?",{"kind":48,"options":906,"correct":915},[907,909,911,913],{"id":51,"label":908},"More than half the votes cast",{"id":54,"label":910},"The most votes of any candidate, whatever the share",{"id":57,"label":912},"A majority in a second round",{"id":60,"label":914},"Winning the most polling stations",[54],[],"First-past-the-post needs only the most votes of any candidate in that constituency — there is no requirement to reach 50%, and no second round.",[919],"fptp",{"id":921,"section":35,"level":104,"prompt":922,"check":923,"hints":925,"solution":927,"skills":928},"government-india.q061","In 10 identical constituencies, Party A always leads with 40% of the vote, Party B has 35% and Party C has 25%. How many of the 10 seats does Party A win?",{"kind":256,"answer":924,"tolerance":258},10,[926],"First-past-the-post only cares who is ahead in each individual seat.","Being ahead in every single seat means winning every single seat under first-past-the-post: A wins all 10, despite getting only 40% of the total vote.",[919,929],"seat-vote-gap",{"id":931,"section":35,"level":104,"prompt":932,"check":933,"hints":934,"solution":935,"skills":936},"government-india.q062","Party A wins 3 seats narrowly (51,000 to 49,000 each) and loses 2 seats heavily (10,000 to 90,000 each). How many of the 5 seats does Party A win in total?",{"kind":256,"answer":304,"tolerance":258},[],"A wins the 3 narrow seats and loses the 2 heavy ones, giving **3** seats out of 5 — even though B has far more total votes overall.",[919,929],{"id":938,"section":35,"level":104,"prompt":939,"check":940,"hints":942,"solution":944,"skills":945},"government-india.q063","Three candidates get 38,000, 34,000 and 28,000 votes in one seat. What percentage of the vote did the winner get, to one decimal place?",{"kind":256,"answer":941,"tolerance":467,"unit":468},38,[943],"Add all three vote totals first, then divide the winner's votes by that total.","Total votes: 100,000. Winner's share: 38,000 ÷ 100,000 × 100 = **38.0%** — a clear win under first-past-the-post despite being well under half.",[473,919],{"id":947,"section":35,"level":104,"prompt":948,"check":949,"hints":951,"solution":952,"skills":953},"government-india.q064","Across 18 Lok Sabha general elections from 1951-52 to 2024, what is the mean turnout, to one decimal place?",{"kind":256,"answer":950,"tolerance":305,"unit":468},58.8,[],"Adding all 18 turnout percentages and dividing by 18 gives a mean of about **58.8%**.",[954,955],"mean","data-handling",{"id":957,"section":35,"level":104,"prompt":958,"check":959,"hints":962,"solution":963,"skills":964},"government-india.q065","What is the range of Lok Sabha turnout across all 18 general elections (highest minus lowest)?",{"kind":256,"answer":960,"tolerance":305,"unit":961},21.96,"percentage points",[],"Highest turnout: 67.4% (2019). Lowest: 45.44% (1957). Range = 67.4 − 45.44 = **21.96 percentage points**.",[965,955],"range",{"id":967,"section":35,"level":150,"prompt":968,"check":969,"hints":974,"solution":976,"skills":977},"government-india.q066","Four parties win 240, 20, 12 and 6 Lok Sabha seats. Can any three of them combine to reach the 272-seat majority on their own, or are all four needed?",{"kind":191,"accept":970},[971,972,973],"all four needed","all four are needed","any three fall short",[975],"Try adding every possible group of three and check each against 272.","A+B+C = 272, still short of 272. Any other combination of three also falls short in this particular split, so **all four parties together** are needed, reaching 278 — 6 more than the 272 required.",[978],"coalition-arithmetic",{"id":980,"section":35,"level":188,"prompt":981,"check":982,"hints":984,"solution":986,"skills":987},"government-india.q067","Two toy states P and Q both had 1 crore people in 1971 and were both given 20 Lok Sabha seats. Because of the seat freeze, both still have 20 seats today, but State P has grown to 3 crore people and State Q to 6 crore. How many more electors, on average, does each of State Q's seats represent compared with State P's seats?",{"kind":256,"answer":983,"tolerance":258},1500000,[985],"Divide each state's population by its 20 seats separately, then subtract.","State P: 3 crore ÷ 20 = 1,500,000 electors per seat. State Q: 6 crore ÷ 20 = 3,000,000 per seat. The difference is 3,000,000 − 1,500,000 = **1,500,000** more electors per seat in State Q, purely because the number of seats has not changed while the populations grew at different rates.",[875,988],"seat-freeze",{"id":990,"section":39,"level":45,"prompt":991,"check":992,"hints":994,"solution":995,"skills":996},"government-india.q068","How many Fundamental Duties does the Constitution list?",{"kind":256,"answer":993,"tolerance":258},11,[],"Article 51A lists 11 Fundamental Duties, from (a) to (k), including protecting the environment and developing a scientific temper.",[997],"fundamental-duties",{"id":999,"section":39,"level":45,"prompt":1000,"check":1001,"hints":1012,"solution":1013,"skills":1014},"government-india.q069","Under the Right to Information Act, what must a citizen explain when asking for information?",{"kind":48,"options":1002,"correct":1011},[1003,1005,1007,1009],{"id":51,"label":1004},"Why they want it",{"id":54,"label":1006},"Nothing — they simply have to ask",{"id":57,"label":1008},"Which party they support",{"id":60,"label":1010},"That they live in that district",[54],[],"A citizen does not have to give any reason for an RTI request — that is precisely what stops an official refusing a question they would simply rather not answer.",[1015],"rti",{"id":1017,"section":39,"level":45,"prompt":1018,"check":1019,"hints":1030,"solution":1031,"skills":1032},"government-india.q070","Which of these is a Fundamental Duty, not a Fundamental Right?",{"kind":48,"options":1020,"correct":1029},[1021,1023,1025,1027],{"id":51,"label":1022},"Equality before the law",{"id":54,"label":1024},"Freedom of speech",{"id":57,"label":1026},"To protect and improve the natural environment",{"id":60,"label":1028},"The right to constitutional remedies",[57],[],"Protecting the environment and having compassion for living creatures is one of the Fundamental Duties. The other three options are Fundamental Rights.",[1033],"rights-vs-duties",{"id":1035,"section":39,"level":104,"prompt":1036,"check":1037,"hints":1039,"solution":1040,"skills":1041},"government-india.q071","Under the Right to Information Act, within how many days must a public authority normally reply?",{"kind":256,"answer":1038,"tolerance":258,"unit":402},30,[],"The normal reply period is 30 days; where a person's life or liberty is at stake, it is just 48 hours.",[1015],{"id":1043,"section":39,"level":104,"prompt":1044,"check":1045,"hints":1050,"solution":1051,"skills":1052},"government-india.q072","The Constitution guarantees free and compulsory education for children of which ages?",{"kind":191,"accept":1046},[1047,1048,1049],"6 to 14","6-14","six to fourteen",[],"Free and compulsory education is guaranteed for children aged 6 to 14 — 8 years of schooling that cannot be charged for or denied.",[1053],"right-to-education",{"id":1055,"section":39,"level":104,"prompt":1056,"check":1057,"hints":1068,"solution":1069,"skills":1070},"government-india.q073","What is the difference between how a Fundamental Right and a Directive Principle of State Policy can be enforced?",{"kind":48,"options":1058,"correct":1067},[1059,1061,1063,1065],{"id":51,"label":1060},"Both can be directly enforced by a court in the same way",{"id":54,"label":1062},"A Fundamental Right can be enforced by a court; a Directive Principle is a guideline for the state that a court will not usually force it to follow",{"id":57,"label":1064},"Directive Principles are enforced by the President personally",{"id":60,"label":1066},"Neither can be enforced by any court",[54],[],"Fundamental Rights are directly enforceable — a court can act if one is violated. Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines the state is expected to work towards, but a court will not usually compel the state to implement one directly.",[1071],"rights-vs-dpsp",{"id":1073,"section":39,"level":150,"prompt":1074,"check":1075,"hints":1078,"solution":1080,"skills":1081},"government-india.q074","A Union Budget of about ₹50 lakh crore is shared among a population of about 140 crore. About how many rupees is that per person, per year (to the nearest rupee)?",{"kind":256,"answer":1076,"tolerance":1077,"unit":870},35714,50,[1079],"Convert both the budget and the population into full numbers of rupees and people before dividing.","₹50 lakh crore = ₹50,000,000,000,000. Population = 140 crore = 1,400,000,000. 50,000,000,000,000 ÷ 1,400,000,000 ≈ **₹35,714** per person per year.",[1082],"lakh-crore-arithmetic",{"id":1084,"section":39,"level":150,"prompt":1085,"check":1086,"hints":1097,"solution":1098,"skills":1099},"government-india.q075","Which of these are genuine ways for a citizen to take part in government BETWEEN elections? (choose all that apply)",{"kind":48,"options":1087,"correct":1096},[1088,1090,1092,1094],{"id":51,"label":1089},"Filing an RTI request",{"id":54,"label":1091},"Attending the gram sabha",{"id":57,"label":1093},"Writing to a representative about a specific issue",{"id":60,"label":1095},"Waiting silently for the next election",[51,54,57],[],"Filing an RTI request, attending the gram sabha, and writing to a representative about a specific issue are all genuine ways to take part between elections — each works on its own timetable, unlike voting, which happens only about once every five years. Simply waiting is not participation.",[1100,167],"participation",{"id":1102,"section":39,"level":188,"prompt":1103,"check":1104,"hints":1115,"solution":1116,"skills":1117},"government-india.q076","A government scheme provides free school meals. A Fundamental Right guarantees free education for ages 6–14; a Directive Principle encourages the state to work towards child welfare more broadly. If a child is denied free education at age 10, but a nearby free-meal scheme has run out of funds for the year, which of the two is a court more likely to act on directly?",{"kind":48,"options":1105,"correct":1114},[1106,1108,1110,1112],{"id":51,"label":1107},"The denial of free education, because it is a Fundamental Right",{"id":54,"label":1109},"The meal scheme shortfall, because food matters more than school",{"id":57,"label":1111},"Neither — courts cannot act on either",{"id":60,"label":1113},"Both equally, since both come from the Constitution",[51],[],"A court is far more likely to act directly on the denial of free education, because the Right to Education is a Fundamental Right and directly enforceable. A shortfall in a welfare scheme inspired by a Directive Principle is not, on its own, something a court will typically force the state to fund immediately, since Directive Principles are guidelines for policy rather than directly enforceable rights.",[1071,167],[1119,1120,1121,1122,1123,1124,1125,1126,1127,1128,1129,1130,1131,1132,1133,1134],"government-india-constitution-official","government-india-prs-billtrack","government-india-prs-parliament","government-india-eci","government-india-wikipedia-general-elections","government-india-wikipedia-constituencies","government-india-wikipedia-joint-session","government-india-wikipedia-panchayati-raj","government-india-rti-portal","government-india-wikipedia-basic-structure","government-india-wikipedia-collegium","government-india-supreme-court","government-india-upsc","government-india-ncert-class6-rural","government-india-ncert-class6-urban","government-india-ncert-class7-constitution","needs_review",{"generatedBy":1137,"notes":1138},"claude-code","Draft generated locally; every numeric answer computed and asserted in Python from the same facts used in the five layers. Strictly non-partisan. Owner to check figures that change over time (Lok Sabha\u002FRajya Sabha strength, turnout, reserved-seat counts).","261a079ac45ccea156a3181df4af8b44dccd3138289710eea09ca933e81b42d8",{"logic:questions":1141,"source:government-india-constitution-official":1142,"source:government-india-eci":1143,"source:government-india-ncert-class6-rural":1144,"source:government-india-ncert-class6-urban":1145,"source:government-india-ncert-class7-constitution":1146,"source:government-india-prs-billtrack":1147,"source:government-india-prs-parliament":1148,"source:government-india-rti-portal":1149,"source:government-india-supreme-court":1150,"source:government-india-upsc":1151,"source:government-india-wikipedia-basic-structure":1152,"source:government-india-wikipedia-collegium":1153,"source:government-india-wikipedia-constituencies":1154,"source:government-india-wikipedia-general-elections":1155,"source:government-india-wikipedia-joint-session":1156,"source:government-india-wikipedia-panchayati-raj":1157},"e7fd7c240a65bea1bff6277f7af7cca65e2c7fcb13c6d756cb943d53f3cbc948","7e2c0fcdf97c3edf7d486040d6005bc0e7a01f25d42137ef86af4bb08902a143","dfe57aaaf51a72c65f7840dabcedbab5ea9c8cba06942b273505e3079e67d62c","eca801d284b32ecd320efdd6e38bb29bf9411dc4119e58e5daba2041189342bd","40f9f8ce16ac0e104396d32a3a5596911d28cc6c2f06f253f1036b1cbab58f21","3eed12ce4ea4109aac683cfee6764959ec1354be801cb731c436c8d888099ccc","96c5f453e3cb390d39a549fba0a273b2086b8906793c92bccc9ddf43a9f1c9d5","e20738666c7ec1695fc28483ca7aa0d48c058f8fe4ff6ec4f330141b471cabe3","c7c166dbc0c8babc077759a553c1203f31647c3bb08f217fe84cee0d8aa8109f","090363fb649dc73e120d773f7596cca6b50112bc96383bc85e260590caeead3d","8d642b17175ba3b40e11e020265026d97a0d0ee6cd888ef063db3bf0663d867a","ffa65cafcee36230afcf827d8674743bcf6fc8b813663688eb35c332dde79e0a","8e18afc1616b1580da5a9cbcf0bf6005e727ff7d47b3a1a06815ff0246bdeff2","13d43bca5bffd2fcb768e10d4d8bd62ab08aada759d2f4af19c6c2430b3fc212","9d64cddabcddb4c9c5af7b02feaaecd3ca016a18800c0d6480c0c5039e7d8991","92a4fc8f204180ed78d094ee15c9a079a48073005c40db6b5d38e98e3543f58e","7e4499bd56520a0fafb3711b4d8daaea78921a542d5c68af7fe928c1c6eb2ce7","preview-7e1cbbcc4f",1789899599808]