[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":941},["ShallowReactive",2],{"layer:government-india:understand":3},{"layer":4,"contentHash":911,"dependencyHashes":912,"approval":934,"releaseId":940},{"schemaVersion":5,"conceptId":6,"locale":7,"depth":8,"revision":5,"title":9,"subtitle":10,"summary":11,"objectives":12,"estimatedMinutes":18,"plate":19,"blocks":40,"sourceIds":906,"reviewStatus":907,"authoring":908},1,"government-india","en","understand","How each part actually works","Parliament's machinery, a bill's journey, the courts' ladder, and the levels beneath the Union","Go inside the institutions Discover introduced: how Parliament questions ministers, how a bill becomes an Act, what a President does that a Prime Minister does not, how courts check Parliament, and how the Union, States, Union Territories and local bodies share the work.",[13,14,15,16,17],"Explain how a bill becomes an Act, and why a money bill and a joint sitting work differently.","Distinguish the President's formal role from the Prime Minister's and Council of Ministers' real one.","Describe the court ladder and what judicial review and PIL mean.","Sort a real subject into the Union, State or Concurrent List and justify the choice.","Explain the 73rd and 74th Amendments and what a gram panchayat or municipality actually decides.",35,{"title":20,"rows":21},"Lesson plate",[22,25,28,31,34,37],{"label":23,"value":24},"Depth","Understand",{"label":26,"value":27},"Reading time","≈ 35 minutes",{"label":29,"value":30},"Prior knowledge","Discover: three organs, three levels",{"label":32,"value":33},"Chapters","10",{"label":35,"value":36},"Labs","Branches, bill track, lists sort, match",{"label":38,"value":39},"Key numbers","272 majority · 24 committees · 210 list entries",[41,45,51,54,95,101,106,119,124,129,132,149,154,159,183,188,191,223,235,239,243,260,264,278,283,286,312,316,328,350,355,361,366,369,400,404,408,412,417,420,424,440,444,449,452,468,472,476,480,491,535,540,543,567,571,575,578,630,635,638,659,679,683,702,714,718,738,743,746,750,769,773,777,781,813,861,865,870,891],{"id":42,"type":43,"markdown":44},"intro-understand","prose","Discover gave you the shape: three jobs, three organs, three levels, one rule book. This lesson\ntakes each of those apart and looks at the machinery inside — how a law actually gets made, what a\nPresident can and cannot do that a Prime Minister can, how a court can overrule Parliament without\nrunning the country, and why your village or town has its own small government too.\n\nExpect precise names and a few genuine mix-ups. That is the point of Understand: not just knowing\nthe parts exist, but knowing exactly how they fit together.",{"id":46,"type":47,"title":48,"eyebrow":49,"navLabel":50},"ch01","chapter","Parliament: two Houses, one law-making body","Chapter 01","1 Parliament",{"id":52,"type":43,"markdown":53},"parliament-two-houses","India's Union Parliament is not one room. It is three things acting together: the **Lok Sabha**\n(\"House of the People\"), the **Rajya Sabha** (\"Council of States\"), and the **President**, whose\nassent every law needs before it exists. A bill becomes law only when all three have played their\npart.\n\nThe two Houses are built on purpose to be different from each other.",{"id":55,"type":56,"caption":57,"columns":58,"rows":62},"table-two-houses","table","Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, side by side",[59,60,61],"Aspect","Lok Sabha","Rajya Sabha",[63,67,71,75,79,83,87,91],[64,65,66],"Represents","The people, directly","The States and Union Territories",[68,69,70],"Elected by","Voters in each constituency","Members of State Legislative Assemblies",[72,73,74],"Current strength","543 elected","233 elected + 12 nominated = 245",[76,77,78],"Life of the House","5 years, then dissolved","Never dissolved — a permanent body",[80,81,82],"How membership turns over","All at once, at a general election","About one-third (78 members) retire every 2 years",[84,85,86],"Presiding officer","The Speaker, elected by its own members","The Vice-President of India, as Chairman",[88,89,90],"Can bring down the government","Yes — by a no-confidence motion","No",[92,93,94],"Say over money bills","Final","Only 14 days to recommend changes, which the Lok Sabha may ignore",{"id":96,"type":97,"variant":98,"title":99,"markdown":100},"nuance-rs-continuity","callout","nuance","Why the Rajya Sabha is never dissolved","Each Rajya Sabha member serves a 6-year term, but the House itself never\ncloses down. Roughly one-third of its 233 elected members retire every two years and are\nreplaced, a little like changing a third of a cricket team's players each season while the team\nkeeps playing.\n\n233 ÷ 3 = 77.67, rounded to **78 members** retiring at a time. This\nis deliberate: it gives the Rajya Sabha institutional memory that survives any single election, and\nit is one reason people call it the House that \"never dies\".",{"id":102,"type":97,"variant":103,"title":104,"markdown":105},"def-nominated","definition","The 12 nominated members","Alongside its 233 elected members, the Rajya Sabha has 12 members\n**nominated** by the President for their special knowledge or experience in fields such as\nliterature, science, art and social service. They are not elected by anyone, but they debate and\nvote like every other member. This is one of the very few places in India's Parliament where a\nnon-elected person has a vote on the laws of the land.",{"id":107,"type":108,"title":109,"problem":110,"steps":111,"help":117},"we-majority","worked_example","What counts as a majority?","The Lok Sabha has 543 elected members. To pass an ordinary bill, or to survive a\nno-confidence motion, a government needs a **majority** of members present and voting. What is the\nsmallest number of votes that guarantees a majority, if every single member is present and votes?",[112,113,114,115,116],"A majority means **more than half**. Half of 543 is 543 ÷ 2 = 271.5.","You cannot win by exactly half — half a vote does not exist, and a plain tie is not 'more than half'.","So you need the smallest **whole number** greater than 271.5, which is **272**.","Check: 272 out of 543 is 50.1%, comfortably over half; 271 = 271 is only 49.9%, not quite half.","The Rajya Sabha's own majority, out of its full strength of 245, works the same way: 245 ÷ 2 = 122.5, so the majority is **123**.",{"simplerExplanation":118},"Majority means more votes than everyone else put together, not just the most votes among many choices.",{"id":120,"type":97,"variant":121,"title":122,"markdown":123},"misc-majority-most","misconception","“Most votes” is not the same as “a majority”","In a straight yes\u002Fno vote these two ideas do line up. But remember the class election\nfrom Discover: Meera won with the **most** votes but not a **majority** — most of the class voted\nfor somebody else.\n\nForming a government needs a genuine **majority** in the Lok Sabha (272 of 543),\nnot merely the largest single group. Where no single group has that many members on its own, several\ngroups combine their numbers to reach 272 together. Either way, the number needed is fixed\nby arithmetic, not by opinion.",{"id":125,"type":47,"title":126,"eyebrow":127,"navLabel":128},"ch02","Question Hour, Zero Hour and committees","Chapter 02","2 Accountability",{"id":130,"type":43,"markdown":131},"accountability-intro","Making laws is only part of Parliament's job. Its other job, just as important, is keeping a close\nwatch on the executive — the ministers and departments that actually run the country. Three tools do\nmost of that work.",{"id":133,"type":134,"title":135,"items":136},"steps-tools","steps","Three ways Parliament watches the executive",[137,141,145],{"title":138,"tag":139,"text":140},"Question Hour","first hour of the sitting","Members ask ministers pointed questions about their departments, in writing in advance. A minister who cannot give a straight answer, in public, in front of the whole House, has a bad day.",{"title":142,"tag":143,"text":144},"Zero Hour","just after Question Hour","An Indian invention with no rule book of its own: members raise urgent matters of public importance without advance notice. It runs on convention, not a written rule — which is itself worth noticing about how institutions work.",{"title":146,"tag":147,"text":148},"Standing committees","all year round","24 **standing committees** (16 under the Lok Sabha, 8 under the Rajya Sabha, 31 members each) examine bills, budgets and ministries clause by clause, away from the noise of the main chamber.",{"id":150,"type":97,"variant":151,"title":152,"markdown":153},"ex-drsc-history","example","Built to keep up with a bigger job","Standing committees were set up in 1993 with just 17 committees.\nAs government grew more complex, they were restructured in 2004 into the\n24 that exist today — one for almost every group of ministries.\n\nA committee often gets more done than the main chamber precisely because it is quieter: members from\ndifferent parties sit together, call in experts and officials, and argue over details that would\nnever survive five minutes on the floor of a crowded House.",{"id":155,"type":97,"variant":156,"title":157,"markdown":158},"aha-numbers-check","aha","Why 21 + 10 = 31, every single time","Each standing committee always has 31 members: 21 from the\nLok Sabha and 10 from the Rajya Sabha. 21 + 10 =\n31. Multiply the committee size by how many committees exist,\n24, and you get 744 committee memberships shared out — one\nconcrete reason a full-time Parliament needs a great many members with time to spare for this work,\non top of debating in the main chamber.",{"id":160,"type":161,"itemId":162,"prompt":163,"check":164,"hints":178,"feedback":180},"prac-committee","practice","government-india.understand-committee","A minister is asked, without any advance notice, an urgent question about a fire in a government building that happened yesterday. Which Parliamentary tool is this?",{"kind":165,"options":166,"correct":177},"choice",[167,169,171,174],{"id":168,"label":138},"a",{"id":170,"label":142},"b",{"id":172,"label":173},"c","A standing committee",{"id":175,"label":176},"d","A joint sitting",[170],[179],"Question Hour needs advance written notice. Which of the three tools has none at all?",{"correct":181,"incorrect":182},"Right — Zero Hour exists exactly for urgent matters raised without notice.","Question Hour questions must be submitted in advance. An urgent matter raised on the spot is **Zero Hour**.",{"id":184,"type":47,"title":185,"eyebrow":186,"navLabel":187},"ch03","How a bill becomes an Act","Chapter 03","3 Bill to Act",{"id":189,"type":43,"markdown":190},"bill-intro","Every law in India starts life as a **bill**: a proposal, nothing more. It has no power to bind\nanyone. The steps between \"somebody's proposal\" and \"the law of the land\" are exactly where the\nthree-way check between Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and President actually happens.",{"id":192,"type":134,"title":193,"items":194},"steps-bill","An ordinary bill's journey",[195,199,203,207,211,215,219],{"title":196,"tag":197,"text":198},"First reading","introduction","The bill is introduced in either House (except a money bill, which must start in the Lok Sabha) and published.",{"title":200,"tag":201,"text":202},"Second reading","the real debate","General discussion, then usually referral to a select or standing committee for detailed, clause-by-clause study, then the House debates and votes on each clause.",{"title":204,"tag":205,"text":206},"Third reading","final vote","The House votes on the bill as a whole, in the form the debate has left it.",{"title":208,"tag":209,"text":210},"The other House","repeat","The bill goes through all three readings again in the second House. It may approve it, amend it, or reject it.",{"title":212,"tag":213,"text":214},"Disagreement","rare","If the two Houses cannot agree on an ordinary bill, the President may call a joint sitting of both Houses together, and a simple majority of everyone present decides it.",{"title":216,"tag":217,"text":218},"Assent","the President","Only once both Houses (or a joint sitting) have passed the bill does it go to the President, who gives assent, withholds it, or returns it once for reconsideration.",{"title":220,"tag":221,"text":222},"Act","now it is law","The moment assent is given, the bill becomes an **Act** — a real law that courts will enforce.",{"id":224,"type":225,"component":226,"componentVersion":5,"config":227,"objective":231,"textAlternative":232,"help":233},"lab-bill-process","interactive","gov-structure",{"modes":228,"quizRounds":230},[229],"bill",6,"Walk a bill through both Houses and the President, including a forced disagreement, and see when it finally becomes law.","This mode draws the bill's journey as a horizontal track: **Introduced → House A → Committee\n→ House A vote → House B → House B vote → (Joint sitting, if needed) → President → Act**.\n\nYou choose which House to introduce the bill in (any House except for a money bill, which the lab\nlocks to the Lok Sabha), then step it forward one stage at a time. At the \"House B vote\" stage the\nlab sometimes forces a rejection, which opens the **joint sitting** branch — a shortcut back to a\nsingle combined vote — and explains that this branch is unavailable for money bills and\nConstitution-amendment bills.\n\nAt the very end, the track shows a bill sitting at \"passed by both Houses\" as still unlit — grey, not\ngreen — until the President's assent stage lights up, driving home that passage by Parliament and\nbecoming law are two different moments, with a real gap between them.",{"simplerExplanation":234},"A board-game track: the token cannot reach the 'Act' square until it has passed every earlier square, including the President's.",{"id":236,"type":97,"variant":121,"title":237,"markdown":238},"misc-bill-not-law","A bill is not law until assent","News reports sometimes say \"Parliament passes law\" the moment a bill clears the second\nHouse. It has not yet. Until the President gives assent, it is still only a bill — a very advanced\nproposal, but not enforceable by any court, not something you can be punished for breaking.\n\nThe gap can matter: a bill passed by both Houses could in principle be returned once for\nreconsideration. If Parliament passes it again in the same or an amended form, the President must\nthen give assent.",{"id":240,"type":97,"variant":151,"title":241,"markdown":242},"ex-joint-sitting","Joint sittings: rare by design","A joint sitting is not a routine tool — it exists for when the two Houses are genuinely deadlocked\non an ordinary bill, and it has been used only **3 times** in the Constitution's\nhistory so far.",{"id":244,"type":245,"title":246,"items":247},"timeline-joint","timeline","The three joint sittings so far",[248,252,256],{"time":249,"title":250,"text":251},"1961","Dowry Prohibition Bill","First joint sitting; produced India's first national anti-dowry law.",{"time":253,"title":254,"text":255},"1978","Banking Service Commission (Repeal) Bill","Rajya Sabha had rejected the bill; the joint sitting passed it.",{"time":257,"title":258,"text":259},"2002","Prevention of Terrorism Bill","Rajya Sabha had rejected the bill; the joint sitting passed it 425 votes to 296.",{"id":261,"type":97,"variant":98,"title":262,"markdown":263},"nuance-joint-limits","What a joint sitting cannot do","A joint sitting can only settle a disagreement over an **ordinary bill**. It cannot be\nused for a **money bill** (the Lok Sabha's decision there is final) or for a **Constitution\namendment bill** (which the Constitution requires each House to pass separately, in its own right,\nby its own special majority). Those two kinds of bills are deliberately kept out of the joint-sitting\nescape hatch.",{"id":265,"type":266,"prompt":267,"options":268,"explanation":277},"predict-bill-reject","prediction","The Rajya Sabha rejects an ordinary bill that the Lok Sabha has\nalready passed. What happens next?",[269,271,273,275],{"id":168,"label":270},"The bill is dead; it can never become law",{"id":170,"label":272},"The President can call a joint sitting of both Houses",{"id":172,"label":274},"The Lok Sabha can simply overrule the Rajya Sabha on its own",{"id":175,"label":276},"The bill automatically becomes law after 14 days","**b.** For an ordinary bill, real disagreement between the Houses can be settled by a joint\nsitting, where a simple majority of everyone present and voting decides it — and because the Lok\nSabha usually has more members, its view is likely to prevail in numbers, but only after the two\nHouses sit and vote together, not by one House simply ignoring the other.",{"id":279,"type":47,"title":280,"eyebrow":281,"navLabel":282},"ch04","Money bills and the Budget","Chapter 04","4 Money and Budget",{"id":284,"type":43,"markdown":285},"money-bill-intro","Some bills are about money: new taxes, government borrowing, or spending from the government's main\naccount. These are called **money bills**, and the Constitution treats them differently from every\nother kind of bill, for one clear reason — **only the House elected directly by the people should\nhave the final word on taxing and spending that people's money.**",{"id":287,"type":56,"caption":288,"columns":289,"rows":292},"table-money-bill","How a money bill differs from an ordinary bill",[59,290,291],"Ordinary bill","Money bill",[293,297,301,305,309],[294,295,296],"Can start in","Either House","Only the Lok Sabha",[298,299,300],"Rajya Sabha's power","Can amend or reject","Can only recommend changes, within 14 days",[302,303,304],"What Lok Sabha does with those recommendations","n\u002Fa","May accept all, some, or none of them",[306,307,308],"If the Rajya Sabha does nothing","Bill is stuck","Deemed passed by both Houses after 14 days anyway",[310,303,311],"Who decides if a bill is a money bill","The Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and that decision is final",{"id":313,"type":97,"variant":103,"title":314,"markdown":315},"def-budget","The Union Budget","The **Budget** (formally the Annual Financial Statement) is the government's estimate,\nfor the coming **financial year** (1 April to 31 March), of what it expects to earn and what it\nplans to spend. It is presented to Parliament on **1 February**, debated for weeks, and must be\napproved by Parliament, department by department, before a single rupee of it can legally be\nspent.",{"id":317,"type":108,"title":318,"problem":319,"steps":320,"help":326},"we-budget-per-person","Turning a Union Budget into rupees per person","Suppose the Union Budget for a year is about ₹50 lakh crore, and India's\npopulation is about 140 crore. About how much is that per person, per day?",[321,322,323,324,325],"₹50 lakh crore in full rupees: 50 × 100,000 × 10,000,000 = ₹50,000,000,000,000.","Population in full numbers: 140 × 10,000,000 = 1,400,000,000 people.","Per person for the year: 50,000,000,000,000 ÷ 1,400,000,000 = **₹35,714**.","Per person per day: 35,714 ÷ 365 ≈ **₹98**.","That single number hides enormous variation — defence, pensions, road-building, subsidies, salaries, interest on old borrowing — but it is a useful sense-check on how large government spending really is.",{"anotherExample":327},"It is the same kind of question as sharing a school's whole term budget equally among every student, just at a vastly bigger scale.",{"id":329,"type":56,"caption":330,"columns":331,"rows":334},"table-budget-heads","Where roughly every ₹100 of Union spending goes (a typical recent year, rounded)",[332,333],"Head","Share",[335,338,341,344,347],[336,337],"States' share of taxes","₹22",[339,340],"Interest payments","₹20",[342,343],"Defence","₹8",[345,346],"Subsidies","₹6",[348,349],"Central schemes and other spending","₹44",{"id":351,"type":97,"variant":352,"title":353,"markdown":354},"careful-budget-rounded","careful","These shares move every year","Budget shares are decided afresh by Parliament every year and shift with events — a\nwar, a pandemic, a good or bad monsoon, new borrowing. Treat the table above as a rounded, typical\npicture of the *kinds* of things a budget pays for, not this year's exact numbers.",{"id":356,"type":357,"conceptId":358,"relation":359,"explanation":360},"conn-numbers-budget","connection","number-system","applied_in","A budget in lakh crore only makes sense once you can place-value your way from lakh to crore to the full number of rupees.",{"id":362,"type":47,"title":363,"eyebrow":364,"navLabel":365},"ch05","The executive: President, PM and ministers","Chapter 05","5 The executive",{"id":367,"type":43,"markdown":368},"executive-intro","The executive is where \"carrying out the law\" actually happens, and it has a shape that surprises a\nlot of first-time learners: the person at the very top of the ceremonial chart is not the one making\nthe day-to-day decisions.",{"id":370,"type":56,"caption":371,"columns":372,"rows":375},"table-president-pm","President and Prime Minister: same country, very different jobs",[59,373,374],"President","Prime Minister",[376,380,384,388,392,396],[377,378,379],"Role","Head of **State**","Head of **Government**",[381,382,383],"Chosen by","An electoral college of elected MPs and MLAs","Leads the party or coalition with a Lok Sabha majority; formally appointed by the President",[385,386,387],"Term","5 years","No fixed term — depends on holding a majority",[389,390,391],"Everyday decisions","Acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers, almost always","Actually makes and drives government policy",[393,394,395],"Ceremonial duties","Addresses Parliament, receives foreign dignitaries, is Supreme Commander of the armed forces","Represents the government in Parliament and to the country",[397,398,399],"Can dismiss the government","Only if it loses its majority in the Lok Sabha","n\u002Fa — is the government",{"id":401,"type":97,"variant":121,"title":402,"markdown":403},"misc-president-runs-country","The President does not run the country day to day","This is one of the most-repeated mix-ups in the whole topic, and the Constitution says\nso directly: the President exercises functions \"on the aid and advice\" of the Council of Ministers,\nheaded by the Prime Minister. In everyday practice, the President signs, appoints and represents; the\nPrime Minister and Cabinet decide.",{"id":405,"type":97,"variant":103,"title":406,"markdown":407},"def-council-ministers","The Council of Ministers","The **Council of Ministers**, headed by the Prime Minister, is collectively responsible\nto the Lok Sabha — meaning the whole team, not just one minister, must keep that House's confidence.\nIf the Lok Sabha withdraws its confidence through a no-confidence motion, the entire Council must\nresign, not merely the minister most directly involved.",{"id":409,"type":97,"variant":156,"title":410,"markdown":411},"aha-why-both","Why bother splitting head of state from head of government?","Separating the two jobs means the country always has a stable, above-politics figure —\nthe President — even while governments change, lose confidence votes, or a general election is\nbeing fought. Armies, courts and foreign countries can deal with one steady office at the top, while\nthe real argument about policy happens in the elected, changeable part underneath it. Many\ndemocracies that are not republics get the same effect with a hereditary monarch instead of an\nelected President; the split, not who fills it, is the useful part.",{"id":413,"type":47,"title":414,"eyebrow":415,"navLabel":416},"ch06","The civil service: the part that never resigns","Chapter 06","6 Civil service",{"id":418,"type":43,"markdown":419},"civil-service-intro","Ministers change. Governments change. Somebody still has to run the passport office, teach in the\ngovernment school, inspect the bridge and keep the trains timetabled, on the very day a new\nPrime Minister is sworn in. That continuity is the job of the **permanent civil service**.",{"id":421,"type":97,"variant":103,"title":422,"markdown":423},"def-civil-service","Civil service, in one line","The **civil service** is the body of officials, from an IAS officer running a district\nto a clerk in a government office, who are recruited on merit — usually through open competitive\nexaminations run by the Union Public Service Commission or state commissions — and who stay in their\nposts across a change of government. They serve whichever government is in office, carrying out the\npolicies Parliament and the elected executive have decided on.",{"id":425,"type":134,"title":426,"items":427},"steps-civil-service","Why permanence matters",[428,432,436],{"title":429,"tag":430,"text":431},"No re-hiring after every election","stability","If every clerk, teacher and engineer had to be replaced whenever a government changed, basic services would stop for months.",{"title":433,"tag":434,"text":435},"Institutional memory","know-how","Officials who have worked a district or a department for years know what has been tried, what failed and why, in a way no incoming minister can know on day one.",{"title":437,"tag":438,"text":439},"A buffer against pure favouritism","fairness","Recruitment by open examination, not by personal choice of whoever is currently in charge, is meant to keep the service reasonably independent and merit-based.",{"id":441,"type":97,"variant":98,"title":442,"markdown":443},"nuance-civil-service-limit","Independent, not unaccountable","Permanence is not the same as being free to do as it pleases. Civil servants act under\nthe direction of ministers, follow service rules and conduct codes, can be investigated for\nwrongdoing, and their spending is checked afterwards by the Comptroller and Auditor General, whose\nreports go to Parliament's Public Accounts Committee. The design aims for steadiness *and*\naccountability together, not steadiness instead of it.",{"id":445,"type":47,"title":446,"eyebrow":447,"navLabel":448},"ch07","The judiciary: one ladder, three rungs","Chapter 07","7 The judiciary",{"id":450,"type":43,"markdown":451},"judiciary-intro","India has a single, unified court system — not separate Union courts and State courts as in some\nfederal countries. Every case, however small, can in principle climb the same ladder all the way to\nthe top.",{"id":453,"type":134,"title":454,"items":455},"steps-court-ladder","The court ladder, bottom to top",[456,460,464],{"title":457,"tag":458,"text":459},"District courts","everywhere","The starting point for most civil and criminal cases: one or more courts in every district, hearing evidence and deciding facts first-hand.",{"title":461,"tag":462,"text":463},"High Courts","one per state, or shared","The highest court of a state (or group of states\u002FUTs), hearing appeals from district courts and deciding many cases directly, including on fundamental rights.",{"title":465,"tag":466,"text":467},"Supreme Court","New Delhi, one court","The final court of appeal on every matter of law, and the ultimate guardian of the Constitution.",{"id":469,"type":97,"variant":103,"title":470,"markdown":471},"def-judicial-review","Judicial review","**Judicial review** is the power of the courts, especially the Supreme Court and High\nCourts, to examine whether a law or government action is consistent with the Constitution — and to\nstrike it down if it is not. No Act of Parliament and no order of the executive is beyond that\ncheck.",{"id":473,"type":97,"variant":121,"title":474,"markdown":475},"misc-courts-make-policy","Courts decide law, not policy","People sometimes describe a court \"making a law\" when it strikes one down or interprets\none. It has not written a new policy. It has decided whether an *existing* law or action is\nconstitutional, or what a law actually means when applied to a real dispute. Deciding what the\ncountry's policy on a subject *should be* remains the legislature's and the executive's job.",{"id":477,"type":97,"variant":103,"title":478,"markdown":479},"def-pil","Public interest litigation (PIL)","Ordinarily, only someone personally and directly affected can go to court. From the\nlate 1970s, Indian courts began relaxing that rule for cases of genuine public importance, allowing\nalmost anyone acting in good faith — even a public-spirited citizen, a journalist or a lawyer — to\nbring a case on behalf of people who cannot easily reach a court themselves, such as bonded labourers\nor undertrial prisoners. This is called **public interest litigation**. An early, influential example\nfrom 1979 used it to free undertrial prisoners who had already been in jail longer than\nthe maximum sentence for the offence they were accused of.",{"id":481,"type":225,"component":226,"componentVersion":5,"config":482,"objective":486,"textAlternative":487,"help":488},"lab-branches-detail",{"modes":483,"quizRounds":485},[484],"branches",8,"Go deeper into the three organs: this time sort trickier, more specific actions.","The same three-panel branches lab as Discover — Legislature, Executive, Judiciary — but with a\nharder set of cards this time: *\"a High Court hears an appeal against a district court's verdict\"*\n(judiciary), *\"a standing committee questions a secretary about delayed spending\"* (legislature,\nbecause committees are part of Parliament even though they scrutinise the executive), *\"the Election\nCommission of India disqualifies a returned candidate for a false declaration\"* (a fourth, independent\nbody — the lab flags these separately as **constitutional bodies** that are not one of the three\norgans, but a check that sits alongside them). The explanation after each card highlights exactly this\nkind of edge case.",{"hints":489},[490],"A committee still belongs to the legislature, even though its job is to watch the executive.",{"id":492,"type":493,"title":494,"questions":495},"quiz-understand-mid","quiz","Mid-lesson check",[496,509,522],{"itemId":497,"prompt":498,"options":499,"correct":170,"why":508},"government-india.understand-q-moneybill","A money bill has been passed by the Lok Sabha and sent to the Rajya Sabha. What is the Rajya Sabha's power over it?",[500,502,504,506],{"id":168,"label":501},"It can reject the bill outright",{"id":170,"label":503},"It can only recommend changes, within 14 days",{"id":172,"label":505},"It has no power at all, not even to discuss it",{"id":175,"label":507},"It can send it straight to the President without the Lok Sabha's agreement","The Rajya Sabha may discuss a money bill and suggest changes, but it must return it within 14 days, and the Lok Sabha may accept or ignore the suggestions.",{"itemId":510,"prompt":511,"options":512,"correct":172,"why":521},"government-india.understand-q-assent","At what point does a bill become an Act of Parliament?",[513,515,517,519],{"id":168,"label":514},"When the Lok Sabha passes it",{"id":170,"label":516},"When both Houses have passed it",{"id":172,"label":518},"When the President gives assent",{"id":175,"label":520},"When it is first introduced","Passage by both Houses is necessary but not enough on its own. It becomes an Act only once the President assents.",{"itemId":523,"prompt":524,"options":525,"correct":170,"why":534},"government-india.understand-q-pm","Who actually decides day-to-day government policy in India?",[526,528,530,532],{"id":168,"label":527},"The President, alone",{"id":170,"label":529},"The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers",{"id":172,"label":531},"The Chief Justice of India",{"id":175,"label":533},"The Speaker of the Lok Sabha","The President acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister, who in practice drives policy.",{"id":536,"type":47,"title":537,"eyebrow":538,"navLabel":539},"ch08","Union, States and the three lists","Chapter 08","8 Federalism",{"id":541,"type":43,"markdown":542},"federalism-intro","India's Constitution does not leave \"who decides what\" to custom or convention between the Union and\nthe States. It writes it down, subject by subject, in the **Seventh Schedule**, as three lists.",{"id":544,"type":56,"caption":545,"columns":546,"rows":551},"table-three-lists","The Seventh Schedule's three lists",[547,548,549,550],"List","Who legislates","Entries","Everyday examples",[552,557,562],[553,554,555,556],"Union List","Parliament only","97","Defence, foreign affairs, railways, currency, posts, income tax",[558,559,560,561],"State List","State legislatures only","66","Police, public order, agriculture, public health, local government",[563,564,565,566],"Concurrent List","Both — Union law prevails in a clash","47","Education, forests, marriage and divorce, criminal law, electricity",{"id":568,"type":97,"variant":156,"title":569,"markdown":570},"aha-lists-total","Why the three add up the way they do","97 + 66 + 47 = **210** entries\nin total. Notice the Union List is the longest of the three — a deliberate choice, reflecting matters\nthat genuinely need one nationwide rule (you would not want a different currency, or a different\nrailway gauge, in every state), while day-to-day matters closer to people's lives sit in the State\nList.",{"id":572,"type":97,"variant":103,"title":573,"markdown":574},"def-concurrent","The Concurrent List's tie-break rule","When both Parliament and a state legislature have made a law on the same Concurrent\nList subject and the two genuinely conflict, the **Union law prevails** and the state law is void to\nthe extent of the conflict — with a narrow exception if the state law had received the President's\nassent first. Education and forests are Concurrent List subjects for exactly this reason: both\nlevels of government have a real stake in them.",{"id":576,"type":43,"markdown":577},"uts-explainer","Union Territories are areas administered wholly or mainly by the Union government rather than by a\nState, usually because of size, sensitivity or a special history — Chandigarh and the Andaman and\nNicobar Islands among them. Delhi and Jammu and Kashmir are Union Territories with their own elected\nlegislatures for many subjects, which makes them a hybrid case rather than a clean fit into either\n\"State\" or \"plain Union Territory\".",{"id":579,"type":225,"component":580,"componentVersion":5,"config":581,"objective":628,"textAlternative":629},"lab-levels-detail","sort-game",{"prompt":582,"bins":583,"items":590,"seconds":627},"Union, State or Concurrent — which list is each subject on?",[584,586,588],{"id":585,"label":553},"union",{"id":587,"label":558},"state",{"id":589,"label":563},"concurrent",[591,595,599,603,607,611,615,619,623],{"id":592,"label":593,"bin":585,"why":594},"l1","Declaring war and making peace","Defence and foreign relations are Union subjects — one voice for the whole country.",{"id":596,"label":597,"bin":587,"why":598},"l2","Running the state police force","Police and public order are State List subjects; each state raises and pays for its own force.",{"id":600,"label":601,"bin":589,"why":602},"l3","Setting school curricula","Education sits on the Concurrent List; both the Union and the States legislate on it.",{"id":604,"label":605,"bin":585,"why":606},"l4","Printing currency notes","Currency and coinage are Union subjects — only the Union may issue money.",{"id":608,"label":609,"bin":587,"why":610},"l5","Running a state's agriculture department","Agriculture is a State List subject.",{"id":612,"label":613,"bin":589,"why":614},"l6","Criminal law such as the main penal code","Criminal law and procedure are Concurrent List subjects.",{"id":616,"label":617,"bin":585,"why":618},"l7","Operating the railways","Railways are a Union subject — one network, one gauge, across every state border.",{"id":620,"label":621,"bin":587,"why":622},"l8","Local government, including panchayats","Local government is a State List subject, though the Constitution now sets a common framework for it.",{"id":624,"label":625,"bin":589,"why":626},"l9","Marriage, divorce and inheritance law","These personal-law matters are Concurrent List subjects.",0,"Sort nine real subjects into the Union, State or Concurrent List.","A three-bin sorting game — Union, State, Concurrent — with nine cards covering defence,\npolicing, education, currency, agriculture, criminal law, railways, local government and marriage\nlaw. Each card explains, once placed, why that subject sits where it does. Two Concurrent List cards\n(education, criminal law) are there specifically to challenge the instinct that \"important\" always\nmeans \"Union\".",{"id":631,"type":47,"title":632,"eyebrow":633,"navLabel":634},"ch09","Local government: panchayati raj and urban bodies","Chapter 09","9 Local government",{"id":636,"type":43,"markdown":637},"local-govt-intro","For most of independent India's early history, local government existed, but not as a constitutional\nright — a state could set it up generously, starve it of money, or dissolve it, more or less as it\npleased. Two amendments in 1992–1993 changed that completely.",{"id":639,"type":640,"tone":641,"items":642},"spec-73-74","spec","copper",[643,647,651,655],{"label":644,"big":645,"value":646},"73rd Amendment","1992","Gave constitutional status to **rural** local government (panchayati raj). In force from 24 April 1993.",{"label":648,"big":649,"value":650},"74th Amendment","1993","Gave constitutional status to **urban** local government (municipalities). In force from 1 June 1993.",{"label":652,"big":653,"value":654},"Elections","compulsory","Both amendments made regular elections to these bodies compulsory, run by a State Election Commission, not optional for a state government to skip.",{"label":656,"big":657,"value":658},"Reservation","one-third or more","Both require seats — and chairperson posts — reserved for women, and for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in proportion to their population.",{"id":660,"type":56,"caption":661,"columns":662,"rows":666},"table-panchayat-tiers","Panchayati raj: three tiers in a large district",[663,664,665],"Tier","Covers","What it decides",[667,671,675],[668,669,670],"Gram panchayat","One village or a small group of villages","Local roads, drains, street lighting, water taps, sanitation, and small development works, headed by an elected **sarpanch**.",[672,673,674],"Panchayat samiti (block)","A group of gram panchayats","Coordinates schemes across several villages: schools, primary health centres, rural roads at block level.",[676,677,678],"Zila parishad","A whole district","District-level planning and coordination of panchayat samitis, often chaired by an elected member.",{"id":680,"type":97,"variant":98,"title":681,"markdown":682},"nuance-two-tier","Not every district has three tiers","Article 243B allows a state with a population under 20\nlakh to have only two tiers instead of three, skipping the middle one. The Constitution sets the\nouter shape — village and district tiers are compulsory — and leaves the middle tier flexible for\nsmaller states.",{"id":684,"type":56,"caption":685,"columns":686,"rows":690},"table-urban-bodies","Urban local bodies, by size of town",[687,688,689],"Body","Typical area","Headed by",[691,695,699],[692,693,694],"Municipal corporation","A large city","An elected Mayor, with a separate appointed Municipal Commissioner running day-to-day administration",[696,697,698],"Municipal council","A medium-sized town","An elected chairperson",[700,701,698],"Nagar panchayat","An area transitioning from rural to urban",{"id":703,"type":108,"title":704,"problem":705,"steps":706,"help":712},"we-gp-women","How many seats must a gram panchayat reserve for women?","A gram panchayat has 15 elected seats. At least one-third must be reserved for\nwomen. What is the smallest number of seats that satisfies \"at least one-third\"?",[707,708,709,710,711],"One-third of 15 is 15 ÷ 3 = 5.00.","Reservation cannot be a fraction of a seat, and 'at least one-third' means you must round **up**, not to the nearest whole number.","Rounding 5.00 up gives **5 seats**.","Check with a different council size: 21 seats gives 21\u002F3 = 7.00, rounded up to **7**. And 11 seats gives 3.67, rounded up to **4**.","The rule is always the same: divide by three, and round up if it is not already a whole number.",{"simplerExplanation":713},"Share the seats into three roughly equal groups; women's reserved seats must be at least one whole group, rounding up if the sharing is not exact.",{"id":715,"type":97,"variant":151,"title":716,"markdown":717},"ex-gram-sabha","The gram sabha: democracy without an election","The **gram sabha** is not an elected body at all — it is every adult voter registered\nin the village, meeting together. It has real constitutional standing: the gram panchayat must place\nits plans, budgets and accounts before the gram sabha, which can question and approve or reject them.\nIt is the closest thing India's Constitution has to the \"everyone in one room\" democracy of the very\nfirst hall in Discover.",{"id":719,"type":161,"itemId":720,"prompt":721,"check":722,"hints":733,"feedback":735},"prac-local","government-india.understand-local","A resident wants street lighting fixed and knows exactly who to ask in a village. Who is that most likely to be?",{"kind":165,"options":723,"correct":732},[724,726,728,730],{"id":168,"label":725},"The President",{"id":170,"label":727},"The sarpanch or gram panchayat",{"id":172,"label":729},"The Chief Justice",{"id":175,"label":731},"A Rajya Sabha member",[170],[734],"Street lighting inside a village is a local government matter.",{"correct":736,"incorrect":737},"Right — the gram panchayat, headed by the sarpanch, is responsible for local works like street lighting.","Street lighting within a village is the gram panchayat's job, headed by the elected **sarpanch**.",{"id":739,"type":47,"title":740,"eyebrow":741,"navLabel":742},"ch10","Elections in detail","Chapter 10","10 Elections in detail",{"id":744,"type":43,"markdown":745},"elections-detail-intro","Discover showed you the day of the vote. Understand looks at the machinery that makes that day\npossible for 97.8 crore people at once, and at exactly how the winner in each seat\nis decided.",{"id":747,"type":97,"variant":103,"title":748,"markdown":749},"def-constituency","Constituency and delimitation","A **constituency** is one area electing one representative. India is divided into\n543 Lok Sabha constituencies, roughly 18.0 lakh electors each on\naverage. Drawing and redrawing these boundaries — deciding which villages and wards belong to which\nconstituency, and which seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes — is called\n**delimitation**, done by an independent Delimitation Commission. The most recent order was made in\n2008 and first used at the 2009 general election.",{"id":751,"type":640,"tone":752,"items":753},"spec-reserved-seats","amber",[754,758,761,765],{"label":755,"big":756,"value":757},"SC seats","84","Reserved for candidates from Scheduled Castes; every voter in the constituency still votes.",{"label":759,"big":565,"value":760},"ST seats","Reserved for candidates from Scheduled Tribes, on the same basis.",{"label":762,"big":763,"value":764},"General seats","412","Open to any candidate.",{"label":766,"big":767,"value":768},"Reserved share","24.1%","84 + 47 = 131 of 543 seats, or 24.1%.",{"id":770,"type":97,"variant":98,"title":771,"markdown":772},"nuance-freeze","Why India still has roughly the same number of seats as in 1971","In 1976, an amendment froze how many seats each state gets, based on\npopulation figures from the 1971 census, and a later amendment extended that\nfreeze until the first census taken after 2026. The idea was fairness of a different kind: a state\nthat worked hard to slow its population growth should not be punished with relatively fewer seats\nthan a state that had not. Boundaries *within* a state have still been redrawn since then (most\nrecently in 2008), but the *number* allotted to each state has not.",{"id":774,"type":97,"variant":151,"title":775,"markdown":776},"ex-anglo-indian","Two seats that no longer exist","From 1952 until 2020, the Lok Sabha also had 2\nmembers representing the Anglo-Indian community, nominated by the President rather than elected —\nmaking 545 members in total. The 20th Amendment ended that\nnomination in 2020, leaving today's 543, all directly elected. It is a useful\nreminder that even a \"fixed\" number like 543 has a history and can still change by\namendment.",{"id":778,"type":97,"variant":103,"title":779,"markdown":780},"def-fptp-formal","First-past-the-post, precisely","In **first-past-the-post (FPTP)**, each constituency elects exactly one member, and\nwhoever gets the most votes in that constituency wins it — even if far short of half the votes cast\nthere. There is no requirement to reach 50%, and no second round. It is simple to run and to count,\nbut, as you saw in Discover, it can turn a modest share of the national vote into a very different\nshare of the seats. Investigate works through exactly how large that gap can get.",{"id":782,"type":225,"component":783,"componentVersion":5,"config":784,"objective":811,"textAlternative":812},"lab-match-institutions","match-pairs",{"prompt":785,"mode":786,"pairs":787},"Match each institution or office to the one fact that defines it.","connect",[788,791,794,797,800,803,806,808],{"a":789,"b":790},"Speaker","Elected by the Lok Sabha's own members to preside over it",{"a":792,"b":793},"Vice-President","Presides over the Rajya Sabha as its Chairman",{"a":795,"b":796},"Election Commission","An independent body that runs elections, not part of any of the three organs",{"a":798,"b":799},"Delimitation Commission","Draws and redraws constituency boundaries and reserved seats",{"a":801,"b":802},"Comptroller and Auditor General","Audits government spending and reports to Parliament",{"a":804,"b":805},"Union Public Service Commission","Recruits the permanent civil service by open examination",{"a":676,"b":807},"Coordinates panchayat work across a whole district",{"a":809,"b":810},"Municipal Commissioner","An appointed official who runs a corporation's day-to-day work","Fix eight offices and bodies this layer introduced to the one fact that defines each.","A matching game: eight institutions on the left, eight defining facts on the right, joined by\ndrawing a line. Correct pairs: Speaker — elected by the Lok Sabha's own members; Vice-President —\npresides over the Rajya Sabha; Election Commission — independent body running elections; Delimitation\nCommission — draws constituency boundaries; Comptroller and Auditor General — audits government\nspending for Parliament; Union Public Service Commission — recruits the civil service by examination;\nZila parishad — coordinates panchayat work across a district; Municipal Commissioner — runs a\ncorporation's day-to-day administration. The lab flags the Election Commission, the Delimitation\nCommission and the CAG as **independent constitutional bodies** that sit outside all three organs and\nall three levels — a detail worth noticing on its own.",{"id":814,"type":815,"title":816,"terms":817},"glossary-understand","glossary","New words in this layer",[818,822,826,830,834,838,842,846,849,853,857],{"term":819,"meaning":820,"example":821},"majority","More than half of the votes cast, or of the total membership, depending on the rule being used.","The Lok Sabha's majority is 272 of 543.",{"term":823,"meaning":824,"example":825},"money bill","A bill dealing only with taxation, borrowing or spending from the government's main account; the Rajya Sabha can only recommend changes to it.","The annual Finance Bill is a money bill.",{"term":827,"meaning":828,"example":829},"joint sitting","A meeting of both Houses of Parliament together to resolve a deadlock over an ordinary bill.","Used three times so far, most recently in 2002.",{"term":831,"meaning":832,"example":833},"Council of Ministers","The Prime Minister and other ministers, collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.","It must resign together if it loses a no-confidence vote.",{"term":835,"meaning":836,"example":837},"civil service","Officials recruited on merit who carry out government work and remain in post across a change of government.","An IAS officer runs district administration whichever party is in power.",{"term":839,"meaning":840,"example":841},"judicial review","The power of courts to strike down a law or executive action that conflicts with the Constitution.","The Supreme Court used judicial review to strike down laws that violated fundamental rights.",{"term":843,"meaning":844,"example":845},"public interest litigation (PIL)","A case brought on behalf of people who cannot easily reach a court themselves, allowed since the late 1970s.","PILs have been used to help undertrial prisoners and bonded labourers.",{"term":563,"meaning":847,"example":848},"The list of subjects on which both Parliament and state legislatures may make law.","Education and forests are Concurrent List subjects.",{"term":850,"meaning":851,"example":852},"delimitation","The process of drawing and redrawing constituency boundaries and reserved seats.","The current boundaries date from the 2008 delimitation order.",{"term":854,"meaning":855,"example":856},"gram sabha","The meeting of every adult voter registered in a village.","The gram panchayat must present its accounts to the gram sabha.",{"term":858,"meaning":859,"example":860},"first-past-the-post","An election method where the candidate with the most votes in a constituency wins it, with no requirement to reach half.","India's Lok Sabha and state assembly elections use first-past-the-post.",{"id":862,"type":863,"prompt":864},"reflect-fptp","reflection","Think back to the class election in Discover, where Meera won with\n42.5% of the vote. Now imagine your class used a *different* rule: nobody wins unless they get more\nthan half the votes, and if nobody does, the two leading candidates go to a second vote.\n\nWould Meera still have won? What would have to happen in a second round for her to win, or to lose?\nWrite three or four sentences working through it.",{"id":866,"type":357,"conceptId":867,"relation":868,"explanation":869},"conn-exploration","exploration","helps_understand","The freedom movement's decades of argument over self-rule, and the Constituent Assembly it eventually produced, are the direct history behind the institutions in this lesson.",{"id":871,"type":872,"sourceIds":873},"sources-understand","sources",[874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890],"government-india-constitution-official","government-india-prs-billtrack","government-india-prs-parliament","government-india-sansad-lok-sabha","government-india-sansad-rajya-sabha","government-india-wikipedia-joint-session","government-india-wikipedia-constituencies","government-india-wikipedia-delimitation","government-india-wikipedia-anglo-indian","government-india-upsc","government-india-wikipedia-pil","government-india-wikipedia-panchayati-raj","government-india-supreme-court","government-india-indiabudget","government-india-ncert-class6-rural","government-india-ncert-class6-urban","government-india-ncert-class7-constitution",{"id":892,"type":893,"title":894,"points":895},"cheat-understand","summary","Cheat sheet",[896,897,898,899,900,901,902,903,904,905],"**Parliament** = Lok Sabha (543 elected, 5-year term) + Rajya Sabha (245, permanent, about 78 retiring every two years) + the President's assent.","**Accountability tools:** Question Hour (advance notice), Zero Hour (no notice, Indian invention), 24 standing committees (31 members each).","**Bill → Act:** introduction, committee study, three readings in each House, joint sitting only for an unresolved ordinary bill, then presidential assent. Not law until assent.","**Money bills** start only in the Lok Sabha; the Rajya Sabha can only recommend changes within 14 days. The **Budget** is presented on 1 February for the year 1 April–31 March.","**President** = head of state, acts on ministers' advice. **Prime Minister** and the **Council of Ministers** actually run policy, and must together hold the Lok Sabha's confidence.","**Civil service:** recruited by open examination, stays in post across a change of government.","**Judiciary:** district courts → High Courts → Supreme Court, one ladder for the whole country. **Judicial review** checks laws against the Constitution; PILs since the late 1970s let cases be brought on behalf of people who cannot easily reach a court.","**Federalism:** Seventh Schedule's three lists — Union (97 entries), State (66), Concurrent (47), totalling 210.","**Local government:** the 73rd (rural) and 74th (urban) Amendments of 1992–1993 made elections and reservation for local bodies constitutionally compulsory.","**Elections:** 543 constituencies, 84 SC-reserved, 47 ST-reserved seats, drawn by an independent Delimitation Commission; first-past-the-post decides each seat with the most votes, not necessarily a majority.",[874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889,890],"needs_review",{"generatedBy":909,"notes":910},"claude-code","Draft generated locally; every number computed and asserted in Python. Strictly non-partisan: no party names, no living politicians, no current controversies. Owner to check figures that change over time: reserved-seat counts if a new delimitation happens, DRSC count\u002Fstructure, and Union Budget head shares (illustrative only, not a specific year's actual figures). Pending owner review.","ed4cdf6813c884d35ff50293e3ae576a032751a59c30664953f185c18b7cdcfd",{"logic:practice":913,"component:gov-structure@1":914,"component:sort-game@1":915,"component:match-pairs@1":916,"source:government-india-constitution-official":917,"source:government-india-indiabudget":918,"source:government-india-ncert-class6-rural":919,"source:government-india-ncert-class6-urban":920,"source:government-india-ncert-class7-constitution":921,"source:government-india-prs-billtrack":922,"source:government-india-prs-parliament":923,"source:government-india-sansad-lok-sabha":924,"source:government-india-sansad-rajya-sabha":925,"source:government-india-supreme-court":926,"source:government-india-upsc":927,"source:government-india-wikipedia-anglo-indian":928,"source:government-india-wikipedia-constituencies":929,"source:government-india-wikipedia-delimitation":930,"source:government-india-wikipedia-joint-session":931,"source:government-india-wikipedia-panchayati-raj":932,"source:government-india-wikipedia-pil":933},"3d6b0fe1b15255975a32b0fcd94e8019bc959ad45cbf12e136e86149549c6878","bad08645b2bec93e5bad5c51d85f0b191277232f5cec2d054251061e9c53b1ca","b164f45a2c8ca08f26c450768ff0231e113e9fe45381eddb34dc6d0548596c38","2a8ee4ac87460b4e1175a4bb13c96b03d577db06dde95670eb7fcfe4ad787899","7e2c0fcdf97c3edf7d486040d6005bc0e7a01f25d42137ef86af4bb08902a143","f32787371e3af6e24caaded0424a2123141b6238de6f3fe346c1bb2e236929e7","eca801d284b32ecd320efdd6e38bb29bf9411dc4119e58e5daba2041189342bd","40f9f8ce16ac0e104396d32a3a5596911d28cc6c2f06f253f1036b1cbab58f21","3eed12ce4ea4109aac683cfee6764959ec1354be801cb731c436c8d888099ccc","96c5f453e3cb390d39a549fba0a273b2086b8906793c92bccc9ddf43a9f1c9d5","e20738666c7ec1695fc28483ca7aa0d48c058f8fe4ff6ec4f330141b471cabe3","7d6f98120efd78e1f109a8a1fc1f77e47d64de26f4f74bd854bd655a8ef0edd1","82154de1a8a27b10cb2faa21f0302c1addbf1548ca90f8f314821fc1b607cd85","090363fb649dc73e120d773f7596cca6b50112bc96383bc85e260590caeead3d","8d642b17175ba3b40e11e020265026d97a0d0ee6cd888ef063db3bf0663d867a","01801d2a88bb270620e0e06510fba54f95001836e3c09ec0ca0a72ffc7547a46","13d43bca5bffd2fcb768e10d4d8bd62ab08aada759d2f4af19c6c2430b3fc212","671ebb70635f9126ede49060fa3298ff7e9388741b00c450c1791e52c6175cfc","92a4fc8f204180ed78d094ee15c9a079a48073005c40db6b5d38e98e3543f58e","7e4499bd56520a0fafb3711b4d8daaea78921a542d5c68af7fe928c1c6eb2ce7","4056742b0315b0945a10fc7e1531b90247b5cabd9faf416cbc74cca6ffc6e2e5",{"state":935,"reviewer":936,"selfReview":937,"reviewedAt":938,"method":939},"approved","The library owner",true,"2026-09-20T10:18:37.581Z","owner_bulk","preview-7e1cbbcc4f",1789899598508]