[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":917},["ShallowReactive",2],{"layer:human-body-anatomy:extend":3},{"layer":4,"contentHash":893,"dependencyHashes":894,"approval":910,"releaseId":916},{"schemaVersion":5,"conceptId":6,"locale":7,"depth":8,"revision":5,"title":9,"subtitle":10,"summary":11,"objectives":12,"estimatedMinutes":18,"plate":19,"blocks":43,"sourceIds":888,"reviewStatus":889,"authoring":890},1,"human-body-anatomy","en","extend","Beyond the syllabus: animals, projects, puzzles and careers","Other body plans, three things to build, puzzles worth reasoning through, and where this knowledge earns a living","Compare your body plan with a giraffe, a bird, a snake and a boneless octopus; build a working paper hand and a life-size organ map; solve puzzles spanning the whole topic; meet seven careers built on this knowledge; finish with open questions.",[13,14,15,16,17],"Compare the human body plan with other vertebrates and one invertebrate, distinguishing \"the same feature, rescaled\" from \"genuinely absent\".","Build a simple physical model of a tendon-driven joint and explain what it gets right and what it leaves out.","Solve multi-step puzzles that combine bone counts, organ masses and body-part facts from across this topic.","Name several careers that depend on precise anatomical knowledge and describe what each one needs to know.","Identify at least one genuinely open question in this field and explain, in one’s own words, why it is still unanswered.",38,{"title":20,"rows":21},"E",[22,25,28,31,34,37,40],{"label":23,"value":24},"Depth","Extend (beyond the syllabus)",{"label":26,"value":27},"Reading time","About 38 minutes, plus project time",{"label":29,"value":30},"Prior knowledge","All four earlier layers of this topic",{"label":32,"value":33},"Chapters","10",{"label":35,"value":36},"Labs","Two sort games, a data lab, two match games",{"label":38,"value":39},"You will need","Paper, straws, string, a tape measure (for the projects)",{"label":41,"value":42},"Sensitivity","No photographs; animal comparisons are factual, not gory",[44,48,51,57,60,66,95,99,104,150,156,161,164,168,172,207,234,237,241,245,250,253,281,285,295,315,319,324,327,349,353,367,372,375,412,422,427,430,451,456,476,479,510,515,518,528,542,552,565,589,594,597,628,638,641,646,651,676,680,860,863,873],{"id":45,"type":46,"markdown":47},"e-intro","prose","The first four layers stayed close to a typical human body and to the school syllabus. This layer does neither, deliberately: it goes wider, into other animals, real careers, projects you can actually build, and puzzles with no single obvious method. Some of it goes beyond what Classes 6 and 7 expect — that is the point of *Extend*, and it is flagged wherever it happens.",{"id":49,"type":46,"markdown":50},"e-roadmap","The plan: what your body plan shares with, and does not share with, other animals; three hands-on projects; a set of puzzles that reward careful reasoning rather than a memorised fact; a look at careers built on this knowledge; and a closing set of open questions that nobody has fully answered yet.",{"id":52,"type":53,"title":54,"eyebrow":55,"navLabel":56},"e-ch-animals","chapter","The same basic plan, used very differently","Chapter 01","1 Animal comparisons",{"id":58,"type":46,"markdown":59},"e-animals-intro","Every animal with a backbone — every **vertebrate** — is built from a surprisingly similar parts list to yours: a skull, a spine, ribs, limbs (or their remnants), the same three or four muscle types. What differs enormously is how those shared parts are stretched, shrunk, fused or repurposed for a completely different life. Comparing your own body with a handful of others is one of the fastest ways to see which of your features are \"just how a vertebrate is built\" and which are unusual, human-specific solutions.",{"id":61,"type":62,"variant":63,"title":64,"markdown":65},"e-aha-giraffe-neck","callout","aha","A giraffe’s neck has exactly as many bones as yours","Count a giraffe’s neck vertebrae and you get **7** — the same as a human, and the same as a mouse. Nearly every mammal, from the tiniest to the tallest, is built to this number; only a small number of unusual mammals (manatees and some sloths) break the rule.\n\nA giraffe’s neck is roughly two metres long, made from just 7 enormously stretched bones — a single giraffe cervical vertebra can be around 25 cm long, against about 1.5 cm for one of yours, a ratio of roughly **16.7×**. Evolution here did not add more bones to build a longer neck; it made the existing 7 far bigger. The parts list stayed the same; the scale changed enormously.",{"id":67,"type":68,"caption":69,"columns":70,"rows":74},"e-table-animal-compare","table","Five ways your own body plan shows up, stretched or removed, in other animals",[71,72,73],"Animal","What changed","What stayed the same",[75,79,83,87,91],[76,77,78],"Giraffe","Each of its 7 neck bones is stretched to roughly 16.7× a human neck bone’s height","Still exactly 7 neck (cervical) vertebrae, the near-universal mammal number",[80,81,82],"Bird","Long bones are lighter, some almost hollow throughout with internal struts, built for minimum weight","Same basic compact-shell-and-marrow bone design, taken to a more extreme, flight-ready version",[84,85,86],"Snake","No limbs at all in almost every living species","Some snakes still carry tiny, non-functional hip and leg bones buried in their body — a leftover of walking ancestors",[88,89,90],"Octopus","No internal skeleton whatsoever: entirely soft-bodied, with only a small hard beak","Still has muscle and nervous tissue doing the jobs those tissues do in you, just with nothing rigid to attach to",[92,93,94],"Elephant","Legs built thick, straight and nearly pillar-like, positioned almost directly under the body","Same bone tissue, same joint types, same basic limb bone layout as a human leg",{"id":96,"type":62,"variant":63,"title":97,"markdown":98},"e-aha-octopus","An octopus has no bones at all","Every animal in this topic so far has had bones. An **octopus** has none — no skull, no spine, no internal skeleton of any kind, only a small hard beak for biting. This is exactly what the word **invertebrate** means: without a backbone. You are a **vertebrate**: an animal built around one.\n\nWithout rigid bones for its muscles to pull against, an octopus’s muscles work against each other and against its own tightly packed internal water pressure instead — which is also why it can squeeze its entire soft body through a gap barely wider than its beak, the one truly rigid part it has.",{"id":100,"type":62,"variant":101,"title":102,"markdown":103},"e-misconception-bigger-bones","misconception","\"Bigger animals must have more bones\"","It is easy to assume a much bigger animal needs a much bigger parts list, but a giraffe's neck proves otherwise: exactly **7** neck vertebrae, the same as a human or a mouse, just enormously stretched. Evolution’s usual answer to \"bigger\" is **resizing existing bones**, not manufacturing extra ones — the total human-style skeleton plan (skull, spine, ribs, limbs) is shared by almost every mammal, elephant and mouse alike, with sizes and proportions doing all the differing work.",{"id":105,"type":106,"component":107,"componentVersion":5,"config":108,"objective":146,"textAlternative":147,"help":148},"e-lab-explorer-compare","interactive","sort-game",{"prompt":109,"bins":110,"items":120,"seconds":145},"Sort each animal feature by whether it is essentially the same as yours, a stretched version of yours, or something you do not have at all.",[111,114,117],{"id":112,"label":113},"same","Basically the same",{"id":115,"label":116},"stretched","A stretched or shrunk version",{"id":118,"label":119},"absent","You have nothing like it",[121,125,129,133,137,141],{"id":122,"label":123,"bin":112,"why":124},"giraffe-count","A giraffe’s neck bone count (7)","Exactly the same number of neck vertebrae as you, just each one is far larger.",{"id":126,"label":127,"bin":115,"why":128},"giraffe-length","A giraffe’s neck vertebra length","About 16.7× a human neck vertebra’s height — the same bone, hugely stretched.",{"id":130,"label":131,"bin":115,"why":132},"bird-bone","A bird’s near-hollow flight bone","Same tube design as your femur, taken to a lighter, more extreme version for flight.",{"id":134,"label":135,"bin":118,"why":136},"octopus-skeleton","An octopus’s internal skeleton","There is none. An octopus is an invertebrate, with no bones inside its body at all.",{"id":138,"label":139,"bin":118,"why":140},"snake-legs","A snake’s hip bones","Absent as usable legs in almost every species, though some snakes retain tiny, non-functional remnants.",{"id":142,"label":143,"bin":112,"why":144},"elephant-jointtypes","An elephant’s joint types (hinge knee, ball-and-socket hip)","The same joint categories as yours, just built at a far larger scale.",0,"Decide, feature by feature, how closely an animal comparison actually matches your own body.","Six cards, three bins. This is a test of precise comparison rather than vague \"animals are like us\" or \"animals are nothing like us\" thinking: some features are genuinely identical in kind (joint types, bone count), some are the same basic thing wildly rescaled (a stretched vertebra, a lighter bone), and some are simply absent (an octopus has no bones to compare at all).",{"simplerExplanation":149},"For each feature, ask: is the underlying body part the same as mine, just resized — or is there nothing like it in me at all?",{"id":151,"type":152,"conceptId":153,"relation":154,"explanation":155},"e-conn-body-systems","connection","body-systems","related_to","Comparing body plans across animals also compares whole systems, not just parts — a mouse’s fast heartbeat and an elephant’s slow one are a circulatory-system story that topic explains.",{"id":157,"type":53,"title":158,"eyebrow":159,"navLabel":160},"e-ch-senses","Senses across the animal kingdom: same job, different tool","Chapter 02","2 Animal senses",{"id":162,"type":46,"markdown":163},"e-senses-intro","*Discover* covered the five familiar human senses briefly. Other animals solve the same underlying problems — seeing in the dark, finding prey without light, sensing a predator behind them — with tools your own sense organs simply do not have.",{"id":165,"type":62,"variant":63,"title":166,"markdown":167},"e-aha-owl-eyes","An owl cannot roll its eyes at all","An owl's eyes are so large relative to its skull, and so tube-shaped rather than ball-shaped, that they are held fixed in their sockets and cannot rotate even slightly. To look sideways, an owl must turn its **entire head**, which is exactly why owls can rotate their heads through such a dramatic range — it is not a party trick, it is the only way an owl can look anywhere but straight ahead.\n\nYour own eyes, by contrast, are freely rotating balls set in sockets, controlled by small muscles you met in *Understand*, which is why you can glance sideways without moving your head at all. Same sense, same basic job — light in, signal out — solved with a completely different trade-off.",{"id":169,"type":62,"variant":63,"title":170,"markdown":171},"e-aha-bat-echo","A bat \"sees\" with its ears","Most bats hunt in complete darkness using **echolocation**: they emit rapid, high-pitched calls, far above human hearing, and read the echoes bouncing back from insects, branches and walls to build a moving picture of their surroundings using sound alone. This is the same physical idea as the ultrasound scanner from *Deepen* — send a wave in, time and interpret what echoes back — run by a living animal's own ears and voice instead of a machine.\n\nA bat's ears are often disproportionately large for its head for exactly this reason: bigger ears catch more of the returning echo, the same logic that makes a satellite dish large.",{"id":173,"type":106,"component":107,"componentVersion":5,"config":174,"objective":203,"textAlternative":204,"help":205},"e-lab-sort-senses",{"prompt":175,"bins":176,"items":186,"seconds":145},"Sort each sensory trick by which human sense organ does the closest equivalent job.",[177,180,183],{"id":178,"label":179},"eye","Closest to an eye",{"id":181,"label":182},"ear","Closest to an ear",{"id":184,"label":185},"neither","No close human equivalent",[187,191,195,199],{"id":188,"label":189,"bin":178,"why":190},"owl-eye","An owl’s fixed, tube-shaped eye","Still an eye doing an eye’s job — turning light into a signal — just unable to rotate like yours can.",{"id":192,"label":193,"bin":181,"why":194},"bat-echo","A bat’s echolocation call and ear","Uses sound and hearing, the same basic sense as your ear, to build a picture rather than just detect noise.",{"id":196,"label":197,"bin":184,"why":198},"snake-pit","A pit viper’s heat-sensing pit organ","Detects infrared heat directly. Humans have no sense organ that does anything like this at all.",{"id":200,"label":201,"bin":184,"why":202},"shark-electro","A shark sensing the tiny electric fields of other animals","An entirely different sense humans do not possess in any form.","Decide which human sense, if any, is doing the closest equivalent job to four animal senses.","Four sensory tricks, three bins. Two map fairly closely onto a human sense organ doing a more extreme version of the same job; two have no real human equivalent at all, which is the more important lesson — not every sense in nature has a human counterpart, even a weak one.",{"simplerExplanation":206},"Ask: does this animal detect the same basic thing my eye or ear detects (light or sound), just better — or something I cannot detect at all?",{"id":208,"type":209,"itemId":210,"prompt":211,"check":212,"hints":228,"feedback":231},"e-practice-senses","practice","human-body-anatomy.extend-practice-senses","A bat’s echolocation and an ultrasound scanner both work on the same underlying principle. What is that principle?",{"kind":213,"options":214,"correct":227},"choice",[215,218,221,224],{"id":216,"label":217},"a","Sending out a wave and interpreting the echo that bounces back",{"id":219,"label":220},"b","Detecting heat directly, with no wave sent out at all",{"id":222,"label":223},"c","Sensing electric fields produced by other living things",{"id":225,"label":226},"d","Using light instead of sound",[216],[229,230],"Think about what both a bat’s call and an ultrasound probe actually send out, and what they then do with what comes back.","Both time and interpret a returning echo.",{"correct":232,"incorrect":233},"Correct. Both send a wave out — sound, in each case — and build a picture from the timing and strength of the echo that bounces back.","Not quite. Both a bat and an ultrasound scanner send out sound and interpret the echo that returns; that shared principle is the point of the comparison.",{"id":235,"type":46,"markdown":236},"e-senses-nolimit","Notice that two of the sort-game's animal senses had no human equivalent at all: a pit viper's heat-sensing pit organs, which detect infrared warmth directly, and a shark's ability to sense the faint electric fields every living muscle produces. Comparative anatomy is not only about finding the human match for an animal feature — sometimes the honest, useful answer is that no human sense organ does anything like it, and that is worth knowing too.",{"id":238,"type":152,"conceptId":239,"relation":154,"explanation":240},"e-conn-light","light","An owl’s eye and a human eye are both optical instruments obeying the same physics of light, lenses and images explained in the Light topic — built differently, but for the same underlying job.",{"id":242,"type":152,"conceptId":243,"relation":154,"explanation":244},"e-conn-sound","sound","Bat echolocation is the Sound topic’s echo-timing idea, run by a living animal instead of a measuring instrument.",{"id":246,"type":53,"title":247,"eyebrow":248,"navLabel":249},"e-ch-units","Measuring the body across history and cultures","Chapter 03","3 Body units",{"id":251,"type":46,"markdown":252},"e-units-intro","*Investigate* showed that a hand span gives a different answer for every different-sized hand, which is why the centimetre eventually won out everywhere. But body-based units were not a passing mistake — they were the working standard for most of human history, in every civilisation, because a body is a ruler everyone always carries.",{"id":254,"type":68,"caption":255,"columns":256,"rows":260},"e-table-units","Five historic body-based units, roughly converted to modern measurement",[257,258,259],"Unit","Body part used","Rough modern length",[261,265,269,273,277],[262,263,264],"Cubit","Elbow to fingertip","About 45–55 cm, varying by region and era",[266,267,268],"Hasta","Elbow to fingertip (the Indian cubit, used in classical texts)","About 45–50 cm",[270,271,272],"Angula","A finger’s width (a smaller unit built up into the hasta)","About 1.5–2 cm",[274,275,276],"Foot","A human foot’s length","About 30 cm, standardised much later",[278,279,280],"Fathom","Fingertip to fingertip with arms outstretched (like an arm span)","About 1.8 m",{"id":282,"type":62,"variant":63,"title":283,"markdown":284},"e-aha-cubit","The Great Pyramid was measured in elbows","The ancient Egyptian **royal cubit**, based on the length of the Pharaoh's own forearm, was used to plan and build structures as enormous as the Great Pyramid of Giza — a body-based unit standing in for what is now one of the most measured structures on Earth. Classical Indian texts on architecture and sculpture (**shilpa shastra**) similarly specify proportions in **hasta** and the smaller **angula**, allowing a design to be scaled up or down consistently by anyone who knew the system, anywhere the same body-based convention was understood.\n\nThe same trade-off from *Investigate* applies here at civilisation scale: workable and universally available, but only as consistent as the bodies used to define it — which is exactly why every one of these units eventually needed a fixed, non-human reference to become a true international standard.",{"id":286,"type":287,"title":288,"problem":289,"steps":290,"help":293},"e-we-angula","worked_example","Converting angula to hasta","Classical Indian measurement used 24 angula (finger-widths) to make one hasta (cubit). A carved doorway is specified as 48 angula tall. How many hasta is that?",[291,292],"Divide by the conversion: 48 ÷ 24 = **2.0 hasta**.","Check a smaller one: 12 angula ÷ 24 = **0.5 hasta** — half a hasta, a sensible size for a small carved detail.",{"simplerExplanation":294},"A hasta is built from a fixed number of smaller angula units, exactly the way a metre is built from a fixed number of centimetres.",{"id":296,"type":106,"component":297,"componentVersion":5,"config":298,"objective":311,"textAlternative":312,"help":313},"e-lab-match-units","match-pairs",{"prompt":299,"mode":300,"pairs":301},"Match each historic body-based unit to the body part it was measured from.","connect",[302,303,305,307,309],{"a":262,"b":263},{"a":266,"b":304},"Elbow to fingertip (the Indian cubit)",{"a":270,"b":306},"The width of a finger",{"a":274,"b":308},"The length of a human foot",{"a":278,"b":310},"Fingertip to fingertip, arms outstretched","Connect five historic units of length to the body part each one was originally measured from.","Five unit cards, five body-part cards, shuffled. Every one of these units was eventually replaced by a fixed, non-human standard for exactly the reason explored in *Investigate*: bodies differ in size, and a unit needs to mean the same thing for everyone.",{"simplerExplanation":314},"Each unit was originally just \"a certain body part’s length\". Match the unit to the body part it came from.",{"id":316,"type":317,"prompt":318},"e-reflect-units","reflection","The metre is now defined by the distance light travels in a tiny fraction of a second — about as far from \"a body part\" as a definition can get. Why do you think a modern standard unit needed to move away from the body entirely, rather than just picking one particular person's cubit as the permanent standard?",{"id":320,"type":53,"title":321,"eyebrow":322,"navLabel":323},"e-ch-regen","Repair and regeneration: what grows back, and what does not","Chapter 04","4 Repair & regrowth",{"id":325,"type":46,"markdown":326},"e-regen-intro","*Deepen* showed that a child's broken bone heals faster than an adult's, because bone is living, rebuilding tissue. Push the same question further, across species, and the differences become dramatic.",{"id":328,"type":68,"caption":329,"columns":330,"rows":333},"e-table-regen","How much repair different living things can manage",[331,332],"Living thing","What it can regrow",[334,337,340,343,346],[335,336],"Starfish","A whole new arm from a stump, and in some species even a whole new body from one surviving arm and a fragment of the central disc",[338,339],"Some lizards","A new tail, though the replacement is usually shorter and built from cartilage rather than the original bone",[341,342],"Human liver","A remarkable amount of its own lost tissue can regrow after injury or surgery — one of the very few human organs able to do this",[344,345],"Human skin","Constantly replaces itself and heals over small wounds, but a large lost area needs medical treatment such as a graft",[347,348],"Human finger or limb","Does not regrow at all once lost, unlike a starfish arm or a lizard tail",{"id":350,"type":62,"variant":63,"title":351,"markdown":352},"e-aha-axolotl","One salamander can regrow a whole leg, bone and all","The **axolotl**, a salamander from Mexico, can regrow an entire lost limb — bone, muscle, nerve, blood vessels and skin, all correctly rebuilt and reconnected — repeatedly, throughout its life, with no scar left behind. It is one of the most capable regenerators among animals with backbones, studied closely by scientists precisely because it is a vertebrate, built from the same basic tissue types you are, that has kept an ability humans do not have.\n\nThis makes the earlier riddle sharper, not softer: an axolotl is not fundamentally different tissue from you at the level of cells and tissue types from *Understand* — bone, muscle, nerve, skin. Whatever lets its cells rebuild a whole limb from scratch is a difference in behaviour of very similar building blocks, which is exactly why axolotl regeneration is such an active area of research.",{"id":354,"type":355,"prompt":356,"options":357,"explanation":366},"e-predict-regen","prediction","Given that the human liver can regrow much of its own lost tissue, why do you think humans cannot regrow a whole lost finger the same way?",[358,360,362,364],{"id":216,"label":359},"Regeneration ability is not the same across every organ or tissue in one body; it depends on the specific cell types involved",{"id":219,"label":361},"Humans never regenerate anything at all",{"id":222,"label":363},"Fingers are too small to regrow",{"id":225,"label":365},"Only cold-blooded animals can ever regenerate anything","**(a).** Regeneration is not a single, all-or-nothing ability an animal either has or lacks. Even within one human body, different tissues have very different rebuilding capacities: skin heals constantly, the liver can regrow a great deal, but the complex mix of bone, nerve, muscle, blood vessels and skin needed to regrow a whole finger is far beyond what human tissue does on its own. Some animals, like starfish and certain lizards, have cell types capable of a kind of rebuilding human tissue simply does not have.",{"id":368,"type":53,"title":369,"eyebrow":370,"navLabel":371},"e-ch-records","The body’s record book: a whole-topic recap","Chapter 05","5 Record book",{"id":373,"type":46,"markdown":374},"e-records-intro","Before the last stretch of projects, puzzles and careers, a quick recap in record-book form — every figure below was properly introduced and sourced earlier in this topic; here they are gathered side by side.",{"id":376,"type":377,"tone":378,"items":379},"e-spec-records","spec","copper",[380,384,388,392,396,400,404,408],{"label":381,"big":382,"value":383},"Longest bone","femur","About 40.1 cm in a 150 cm person — roughly a quarter of standing height.",{"label":385,"big":386,"value":387},"Smallest bone","stapes","About 3.0 mm, inside the ear — smaller than a grain of rice.",{"label":389,"big":390,"value":391},"Most bones in one place","a hand","27 bones in a single hand — more than 51.5% of the whole skeleton is in the hands and feet together.",{"label":393,"big":394,"value":395},"Largest organ","skin","1.5–2.0 m² — the only organ you can see and touch all of.",{"label":397,"big":398,"value":399},"Largest organ inside the body","liver","About 1.5 kg, and one of the only organs able to regrow much of itself.",{"label":401,"big":402,"value":403},"Hardest-working muscle","the heart","About 100,800 beats a day, without ever resting for a day off.",{"label":405,"big":406,"value":407},"Biggest engineered force ratio","the biceps lever","Must pull about 8.0 times harder than the load it lifts, from Deepen’s lever mathematics.",{"label":409,"big":410,"value":411},"Longest fusing process","the skeleton","From about 300 pieces at birth down to 206, finishing in the twenties.",{"id":413,"type":287,"title":414,"problem":415,"steps":416,"help":420},"e-we-pulse-record","Finding a record inside a data set you already have","Look back at the Investigate layer’s pulse data: fifteen pupils’ pulse rise after mild exercise ranged from 4 to 28 bpm. What was the range of that data set, and which pupil defines each end of it?",[417,418,419],"Range = highest value − lowest value = 28 − 4 = **24 bpm**.","The smallest riser, at 4 bpm, and the largest, at 28 bpm, are the two data points that define this record — everyone else falls somewhere between them.","This is the same \"record book\" thinking applied to your own collected data, not just to facts this topic told you.",{"simplerExplanation":421},"A record is just the highest or lowest value in a data set you already have. You do not need new data to find one — you need to look carefully at data you have already collected.",{"id":423,"type":53,"title":424,"eyebrow":425,"navLabel":426},"e-ch-projects","Three projects you can actually build","Chapter 06","6 Build it",{"id":428,"type":46,"markdown":429},"e-projects-intro","Reading about tendons and levers is one thing; building a rough working model makes the idea impossible to forget. All three projects below use cheap household materials and no special tools.",{"id":431,"type":432,"title":433,"items":434},"e-steps-hand","steps","Project 1: a working paper hand",[435,439,443,447],{"title":436,"tag":437,"text":438},"Trace and cut","paper, pen","Trace your own hand onto stiff paper or thin card and cut it out, including gaps between the fingers.",{"title":440,"tag":441,"text":442},"Mark the joints","pen","Draw a short line across each finger at every knuckle — these are where the \"joints\" will bend.",{"title":444,"tag":445,"text":446},"Add tendons","drinking straws, string","Tape a short length of drinking straw along the back of each finger as a sleeve, then thread a piece of string through each straw so it runs to the fingertip and out past the wrist.",{"title":448,"tag":449,"text":450},"Pull and watch","nothing extra","Pull each string from the wrist end. The finger curls, exactly the way pulling a tendon curls your own finger — and letting go straightens it only if you built in a light elastic pulling the other way, just like an antagonistic pair.",{"id":452,"type":62,"variant":453,"title":454,"markdown":455},"e-example-hand-lesson","example","What the model gets right, and what it leaves out","The pulled string stands in for a **tendon**, the straw sleeve for the channel a real tendon runs through at the wrist, and the finger joints for **hinge joints**. Pulling only one string and watching the finger curl demonstrates the exact idea from *Understand*: the muscle (your hand pulling the string) sits far from the joint it moves, connected by something that only transmits a pull.\n\nWhat it leaves out is equally instructive: a real finger has no muscle at all in most of its length, only tendons — the pulling muscles are up in the forearm, exactly as the model’s string runs all the way to your hand outside the paper structure.",{"id":457,"type":432,"title":458,"items":459},"e-steps-lifesize","Project 2: a life-size organ map",[460,464,468,472],{"title":461,"tag":462,"text":463},"Trace an outline","a paper roll, a partner","Lie down on a long sheet of paper and have a partner trace around you, or draw a simple body outline at your own height.",{"title":465,"tag":466,"text":467},"Mark the landmarks","ruler","Using your own measurements, mark the level of your lowest ribs, your navel, and the top of your hip bones.",{"title":469,"tag":470,"text":471},"Draw organs to scale","the sizes from this topic","Draw a fist-sized heart tipped slightly left of centre in the chest; a liver wedge under the right ribs about 1.5 kg’s worth of space; a stomach high on the left; kidneys at the back near the lowest ribs.",{"title":473,"tag":474,"text":475},"Check yourself","earlier layers’ tables","Compare your finished map against the organ tour table. Which organ did you draw in the wrong place before checking?",{"id":477,"type":46,"markdown":478},"e-project-growth","**Project 3: track your own growth.** Measure your height once a month for a school term and plot it on a simple graph, one dot per measurement. A single measurement tells you almost nothing about growth; a series of them, spaced out over time, shows you a real growth curve — the same idea a doctor uses at a check-up, but built entirely from your own data.",{"id":480,"type":106,"component":481,"componentVersion":5,"config":482,"objective":506,"textAlternative":507,"help":508},"e-lab-data-growth","data-lab",{"datasets":483,"valueRange":497,"step":500,"challenges":501},[484],{"label":485,"unit":486,"values":487},"Example: one pupil’s height over a school year (cm)","cm",[488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496],148,148.5,149,149.4,150,150.3,150.9,151.2,151.8,{"min":498,"max":499},140,160,0.1,[502],{"measure":503,"target":504,"prompt":505},"range",4,"This pupil grew about 3.8 cm over the whole year. Adjust the first or last value so the range becomes exactly 4 cm.","See what a real growth-tracking project produces: not one number, but a rising sequence of them.","The lab plots nine monthly height measurements for one example pupil, rising steadily from 148 cm to nearly 152 cm across a school year — never falling, and rising by a different amount each month, which is exactly what real growth data looks like: a trend, not a straight line.\n\nDrag any point and see how the described \"3.8 cm over the year\" range changes. This is the project from the steps above, already filled in with one term’s worth of realistic example data, so you have a model to compare your own measurements against.",{"simplerExplanation":509},"Nine height measurements for one term, one dot per month, always going up a little. Your own project would build exactly this kind of graph from real measurements of yourself.",{"id":511,"type":53,"title":512,"eyebrow":513,"navLabel":514},"e-ch-puzzles","Puzzles that reward careful reasoning","Chapter 07","7 Puzzles",{"id":516,"type":46,"markdown":517},"e-puzzles-intro","None of the puzzles below can be solved by remembering a single fact. Each one needs you to combine two or three things you already know.",{"id":519,"type":287,"title":520,"problem":521,"steps":522,"help":526},"e-we-riddle","A riddle: the bone that touches no other bone","I am a small, U-shaped bone in your throat. I anchor your tongue and help you swallow and speak. Unlike every other bone in your body, I do not touch any other bone at all. What am I?",[523,524,525],"Rule out any bone that connects to a joint — that removes almost the entire skeleton, since nearly every bone meets at least one other.","Look specifically at the axial skeleton’s odd one out: among skull, spine, ribs, sternum and ossicles, one small bone in the throat is held in place only by muscles and ligaments, floating free of the rest of the skeleton.","The answer is the **hyoid bone**: 1 bone, U-shaped, in the throat, anchoring the tongue — the only bone in the human body that articulates with no other bone.",{"simplerExplanation":527},"Almost every bone in you touches another bone at a joint. Exactly one does not: the small hyoid bone in your throat, held up by muscles alone.",{"id":529,"type":287,"title":530,"problem":531,"steps":532,"help":539},"e-we-puzzle-rank","Rank five body parts from lightest to heaviest","Using figures from this topic, rank these from lightest to heaviest for a 60 kg adult: the heart, the brain, the liver, the skin, the skeleton.",[533,534,535,536,537,538],"Heart: 300 g = 0.3 kg.","Brain: 1.4 kg.","Liver: 1.5 kg.","Skin: 4.0 kg.","Skeleton (about 15% of body mass): 9.0 kg.","In order, lightest to heaviest: **heart (0.3 kg) → brain (1.4 kg) → liver (1.5 kg) → skin (4.0 kg) → skeleton (9.0 kg)**.",{"simplerExplanation":540,"anotherExample":541},"Convert everything to the same unit (kilograms) before comparing — grams and kilograms cannot be ranked side by side without converting first.","The skeleton alone outweighs the heart, brain and liver put together, which surprises most people the first time they add it up.",{"id":543,"type":287,"title":544,"problem":545,"steps":546,"help":550},"e-we-puzzle-chain","A chained puzzle: from femur to lever ratio","A femur is measured at 42.7 cm, belonging to a person estimated to be 160 cm tall. If that same person’s biceps attaches 4 cm from the elbow and their hand sits 32 cm from the elbow, how many times harder than a held weight must their biceps pull — and does the femur length used to estimate their height affect this answer at all?",[547,548,549],"The lever ratio only depends on the two distances at the elbow, not on height or femur length: 32 ÷ 4 = **8.0**.","The femur-to-height estimate (from *Investigate*) and the elbow lever ratio (from *Deepen*) are two completely independent calculations that happen to use the same person.","**No, the femur length does not affect the lever ratio at all.** This puzzle is really testing whether you can tell which facts are actually relevant to a given question and which are a distraction.",{"simplerExplanation":551},"Not every number in a word problem is needed to answer it. Part of solving a puzzle well is noticing which facts do not matter here.",{"id":553,"type":209,"itemId":554,"prompt":555,"check":556,"hints":560,"feedback":562},"e-practice-puzzle-desk","human-body-anatomy.extend-puzzle-bones","Two hands have 54 bones between them. Two feet have 52 bones between them. How many more bones do two hands have than two feet?",{"kind":557,"answer":558,"tolerance":145,"unit":559},"number",2,"bones",[561],"Work out each total separately first, then subtract.",{"correct":563,"incorrect":564},"Correct: 54 − 52 = **2 bones**. Hands have more bones than feet because fine control matters more for grip than for standing.","54 − 52 = 2.",{"id":566,"type":106,"component":297,"componentVersion":5,"config":567,"objective":585,"textAlternative":586,"help":587},"e-lab-match-riddles",{"prompt":568,"mode":300,"pairs":569},"Match each riddle-style clue to the body part it describes.",[570,573,576,579,582],{"a":571,"b":572},"I touch no other bone at all","The hyoid bone",{"a":574,"b":575},"I am the smallest bone you own","The stapes",{"a":577,"b":578},"I am the largest organ, covering you completely","The skin",{"a":580,"b":581},"I am the largest organ hidden inside you","The liver",{"a":583,"b":584},"My left half has one fewer lobe than my right","The lungs","Solve five riddle-style clues drawn from facts across this whole topic.","Five clues, five answers, shuffled. Every clue reuses a fact already taught somewhere in this topic, so a correct match is a genuine test of whether the fact stuck, not a guess.",{"simplerExplanation":588},"Read each clue carefully — most of them contain a number or a comparison that points straight at one specific answer.",{"id":590,"type":53,"title":591,"eyebrow":592,"navLabel":593},"e-ch-careers","Careers built on knowing the body","Chapter 08","8 Careers",{"id":595,"type":46,"markdown":596},"e-careers-intro","\"What is in there, and where\" is not only a school topic. Whole careers exist because someone needs to know it precisely, every working day.",{"id":598,"type":68,"caption":599,"columns":600,"rows":603},"e-table-careers","Eight careers, and the anatomy knowledge each one leans on",[601,602],"Career","What they need to know precisely",[604,607,610,613,616,619,622,625],[605,606],"Radiographer","Where every organ sits, so an X-ray, ultrasound, CT or MRI image can be read correctly",[608,609],"Physiotherapist","Which muscles move which joints, and how bone and muscle respond to load and rest",[611,612],"Orthopaedic surgeon","The exact structure of bones and joints, to repair a fracture or replace a worn joint",[614,615],"Forensic anthropologist","How bone measurements relate to a person’s height, age and other features",[617,618],"Prosthetics engineer","How a lever at a real joint behaves, to design a replacement that moves the same way",[620,621],"Sports scientist","Muscle types, antagonistic pairs and lever mechanics, to train movement safely and effectively",[623,624],"Medical illustrator","Exact organ shape, size and position, to draw accurate diagrams for textbooks and doctors",[626,627],"Museum conservator","How real bone, cartilage and tissue age and decay, to preserve skeletons and specimens correctly",{"id":629,"type":287,"title":630,"problem":631,"steps":632,"help":636},"e-we-prosthetic","A prosthetics engineer’s lever problem","A prosthetics engineer is designing a replacement forearm and hand. The natural biceps attachment point this device replaces sat 4 cm from the elbow, with the hand 32 cm out — a lever ratio of 8.0. If the engineer moves the artificial \"tendon\" attachment to 8 cm from the elbow instead, what trade-off are they choosing, using the lever reasoning from Deepen?",[633,634,635],"New ratio: 32 ÷ 8 = **4.0**, smaller than the original 8.0.","A smaller ratio means the artificial motor needs to supply less force for the same load, but the hand will move a shorter distance for the same amount the motor contracts.","The engineer is trading raw grip force for a more efficient, less strained motor — a real design decision, not just an anatomy fact.",{"simplerExplanation":637},"Exactly the same arithmetic as the biceps example in Deepen, now used to make a real engineering decision rather than just to describe a real arm.",{"id":639,"type":317,"prompt":640},"e-reflect-careers","Pick one career from the table that you had not thought about before. What is one thing from this whole topic — Discover, Understand, Investigate, Deepen or Extend — that person would use on an ordinary working day?",{"id":642,"type":53,"title":643,"eyebrow":644,"navLabel":645},"e-ch-open","Open questions nobody has fully answered","Chapter 09","9 Open questions",{"id":647,"type":62,"variant":648,"title":649,"markdown":650},"e-question-open","question","Open questions for curious learners","Nobody has fully answered these yet. Pick one and dig in.\n\n- Could a bone be grown or 3D-printed to exactly replace a piece lost to injury, matching its real internal structure rather than just its outer shape?\n- A starfish can regrow a lost arm; a human liver can partly regrow itself, but a human cannot regrow a lost finger. Why do some living things regenerate far more than others, and could that ever be learned from and applied?\n- If bone genuinely rebuilds itself around the load it carries, could astronauts on very long space missions be given exercise routines precise enough to prevent almost all bone loss?\n- Elephants need proportionally thicker legs than mice because of scaling laws. Is there an absolute upper limit to how large a land animal could ever be built, using bone as the material?\n- Would it be possible to design a prosthetic joint that outperforms a human joint's own trade-off between range of movement and stability, rather than just imitating it?",{"id":652,"type":653,"title":654,"terms":655},"e-glossary","glossary","A few last words worth owning",[656,660,664,668,672],{"term":657,"meaning":658,"example":659},"vertebrate","An animal built around an internal backbone.","Humans, giraffes, birds and snakes are all vertebrates.",{"term":661,"meaning":662,"example":663},"invertebrate","An animal with no internal backbone or skeleton.","An octopus is an invertebrate.",{"term":665,"meaning":666,"example":667},"comparative anatomy","The scientific study of similarities and differences between the body plans of different species.","Comparing a giraffe’s neck bones with a human’s is comparative anatomy.",{"term":669,"meaning":670,"example":671},"regeneration","The regrowth of lost or damaged body parts.","A starfish regrowing a lost arm; a human liver regrowing much of its own lost tissue.",{"term":673,"meaning":674,"example":675},"body-based unit","A unit of length defined by a part of the human body.","The cubit, the hasta, the foot and the hand span are all body-based units.",{"id":677,"type":53,"title":473,"eyebrow":678,"navLabel":679},"e-ch-close","Chapter 10","10 Check yourself",{"id":681,"type":682,"title":683,"questions":684},"e-quiz","quiz","Twelve questions across animals, history, projects, puzzles and careers",[685,698,710,723,736,749,762,775,788,799,812,825,834,847],{"itemId":686,"prompt":687,"options":688,"correct":219,"why":697},"human-body-anatomy.extend-q-cubit","What was a \"cubit\" used for in the ancient world?",[689,691,693,695],{"id":216,"label":690},"Weighing food",{"id":219,"label":692},"A body-based unit of length, from elbow to fingertip",{"id":222,"label":694},"Measuring temperature",{"id":225,"label":696},"Counting time","A body-based length unit, elbow to fingertip. The Egyptian royal cubit and the Indian hasta are two well-known examples, both eventually replaced by fixed, non-human standard units.",{"itemId":699,"prompt":700,"options":701,"correct":219,"why":709},"human-body-anatomy.extend-q-liver-regen","Which human organ is unusually capable of regrowing much of its own lost tissue?",[702,704,705,707],{"id":216,"label":703},"The brain",{"id":219,"label":581},{"id":222,"label":706},"The femur",{"id":225,"label":708},"The stomach","The liver can regrow a remarkable amount of lost tissue after injury or surgery, unlike most human organs, though it still cannot match a starfish regrowing a whole arm.",{"itemId":711,"prompt":712,"options":713,"correct":219,"why":722},"human-body-anatomy.extend-q-owl","Why does an owl turn its whole head to look sideways instead of just moving its eyes?",[714,716,718,720],{"id":216,"label":715},"Owls have no eye muscles at all",{"id":219,"label":717},"An owl’s tube-shaped eyes are fixed in their sockets and cannot rotate",{"id":222,"label":719},"Owls cannot see anything except straight ahead",{"id":225,"label":721},"It is a learned habit, not a physical necessity","An owl’s large, tube-shaped eyes are held fixed in their sockets, unlike the freely rotating eyes humans have, so turning the whole head is the only way to look elsewhere.",{"itemId":724,"prompt":725,"options":726,"correct":219,"why":735},"human-body-anatomy.extend-q-bat","What is echolocation, as used by most bats?",[727,729,731,733],{"id":216,"label":728},"Seeing using infrared light",{"id":219,"label":730},"Emitting high-pitched calls and reading the returning echoes",{"id":222,"label":732},"Sensing electric fields in the water",{"id":225,"label":734},"A form of smell","Bats emit rapid, high-pitched calls and interpret the echoes bouncing back, building a picture of their surroundings from sound alone — the same echo-timing idea used by an ultrasound scanner.",{"itemId":737,"prompt":738,"options":739,"correct":219,"why":748},"human-body-anatomy.extend-q-giraffe","How many neck (cervical) vertebrae does a giraffe have?",[740,742,744,746],{"id":216,"label":741},"3",{"id":219,"label":743},"7",{"id":222,"label":745},"15",{"id":225,"label":747},"24","Exactly 7, the same as a human. Its long neck comes from each bone being stretched enormously, not from having extra bones.",{"itemId":750,"prompt":751,"options":752,"correct":219,"why":761},"human-body-anatomy.extend-q-octopus","Why is an octopus called an invertebrate?",[753,755,757,759],{"id":216,"label":754},"It has no muscles at all",{"id":219,"label":756},"It has no backbone or internal skeleton",{"id":222,"label":758},"It lives only in water",{"id":225,"label":760},"It has too many arms to be a vertebrate","Invertebrate means \"without a backbone\". An octopus has no internal skeleton of any kind, only a small hard beak.",{"itemId":763,"prompt":764,"options":765,"correct":219,"why":774},"human-body-anatomy.extend-q-bird-bone","How are bird flight bones different from typical human long bones?",[766,768,770,772],{"id":216,"label":767},"They are solid, not hollow",{"id":219,"label":769},"They are even lighter, some almost entirely hollow with internal struts",{"id":222,"label":771},"They contain no marrow-like material at all",{"id":225,"label":773},"They are not made of bone tissue","Bird bones take the same hollow-tube principle used in human long bones to a more extreme, lighter version, suited to flight.",{"itemId":776,"prompt":777,"options":778,"correct":219,"why":787},"human-body-anatomy.extend-q-hyoid","What makes the hyoid bone unique among human bones?",[779,781,783,785],{"id":216,"label":780},"It is the smallest bone in the body",{"id":219,"label":782},"It is the only bone that touches no other bone",{"id":222,"label":784},"It is the only bone with no blood supply",{"id":225,"label":786},"It only appears in some people","Every other bone in the body meets at least one other bone at a joint. The U-shaped hyoid in the throat is held only by muscles and ligaments, touching no other bone.",{"itemId":789,"prompt":790,"options":791,"correct":225,"why":798},"human-body-anatomy.extend-q-rank","Ranked by mass in a 60 kg adult, which of these is heaviest?",[792,794,795,796],{"id":216,"label":793},"The heart",{"id":219,"label":703},{"id":222,"label":581},{"id":225,"label":797},"The skeleton","The skeleton, at about 9.0 kg, outweighs the heart, brain and liver combined.",{"itemId":800,"prompt":801,"options":802,"correct":222,"why":811},"human-body-anatomy.extend-q-project-tendon","In the paper-hand project, what does the pulled string represent?",[803,805,807,809],{"id":216,"label":804},"A bone",{"id":219,"label":806},"A ligament",{"id":222,"label":808},"A tendon",{"id":225,"label":810},"A nerve","The string transmits a pull from a distant \"muscle\" (your hand) to the \"joint\" (the knuckle line), exactly the job a tendon does.",{"itemId":813,"prompt":814,"options":815,"correct":219,"why":824},"human-body-anatomy.extend-q-growth-graph","Why is a single height measurement less useful than a series of monthly measurements for tracking growth?",[816,818,820,822],{"id":216,"label":817},"A single measurement is always inaccurate",{"id":219,"label":819},"A series shows a trend over time, which one point alone cannot show",{"id":222,"label":821},"Height cannot be measured accurately more than once",{"id":225,"label":823},"There is no difference; one measurement is just as useful","A growth curve needs more than one point. Repeated measurements over time reveal the shape and rate of growth, which a single number cannot.",{"itemId":826,"prompt":827,"options":828,"correct":219,"why":833},"human-body-anatomy.extend-q-forensic-career","Which career most directly uses bone measurements to estimate a person’s height, age or other features?",[829,830,831,832],{"id":216,"label":623},{"id":219,"label":614},{"id":222,"label":620},{"id":225,"label":605},"A forensic anthropologist studies skeletons to learn about the people they belonged to, using exactly this kind of measurement-based reasoning.",{"itemId":835,"prompt":836,"options":837,"correct":219,"why":846},"human-body-anatomy.extend-q-elephant","Why are an elephant’s legs proportionally thicker than a mouse’s, rather than just a scaled-up copy?",[838,840,842,844],{"id":216,"label":839},"Elephants have completely different bone tissue",{"id":219,"label":841},"Mass grows faster than bone strength as size increases, so bigger animals need proportionally thicker limbs",{"id":222,"label":843},"Elephants have more leg bones than mice",{"id":225,"label":845},"There is no real difference in proportion","This is the scaling law from Deepen: bigger animals need proportionally thicker limb bones to keep the stress on each unit of bone manageable.",{"itemId":848,"prompt":849,"options":850,"correct":219,"why":859},"human-body-anatomy.extend-q-snake","What do the tiny remnant hip bones found in some snake species suggest?",[851,853,855,857],{"id":216,"label":852},"Snakes are not really vertebrates",{"id":219,"label":854},"Some snakes are descended from ancestors that had working legs",{"id":222,"label":856},"Snakes will regrow legs if given enough time",{"id":225,"label":858},"The remnant bones have no meaning at all","Small, non-functional leg and hip bones in some snakes are a leftover trace of walking ancestors, even though the living snake has no legs at all.",{"id":861,"type":317,"prompt":862},"e-reflect-close","This layer went beyond the school syllabus in several places — animal scaling, forensic estimation, open research questions. Pick one idea from anywhere in this topic (any of the five layers) that you would like to research further on your own, and write down one specific question you would try to answer first.",{"id":864,"type":865,"title":866,"points":867},"e-summary","summary","Cheat sheet",[868,869,870,871,872],"**Same plan, different scale.** A giraffe has exactly 7 neck vertebrae, like you — each one about 16.7× as tall. Bird bones push the hollow-tube idea further for lightness. An octopus has no bones at all: an invertebrate, unlike you, a vertebrate.","**Projects:** a paper hand with straw-and-string tendons; a life-size organ map using this topic’s real sizes; tracking your own height monthly to build a real growth curve.","**Puzzles reward combining facts.** The hyoid bone touches no other bone. A 60 kg skeleton (about 9.0 kg) outweighs the heart, brain and liver put together.","**Careers** from radiographer to forensic anthropologist to prosthetics engineer all depend on precisely knowing what is in the body and where, or on the mechanics of levers and bone.","**This layer goes beyond the syllabus on purpose** — Deepen and Extend are allowed to, and this is flagged rather than hidden.",{"id":874,"type":875,"sourceIds":876},"e-sources","sources",[877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887],"human-body-anatomy-britannica-human-body","human-body-anatomy-britannica-skeleton","human-body-anatomy-britannica-muscle","human-body-anatomy-wikipedia-organ-list","human-body-anatomy-britannica-giraffe","human-body-anatomy-britannica-octopus","human-body-anatomy-wikipedia-cubit","human-body-anatomy-britannica-axolotl","human-body-anatomy-britannica-owl","human-body-anatomy-britannica-bat-mammal","human-body-anatomy-ncert-textbooks",[877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887],"needs_review",{"generatedBy":891,"notes":892},"claude-code","Draft generated locally; pending owner review. Every figure is computed and asserted in scratchpad\u002Fhuman-body-anatomy\u002Ffacts.py.","1fa369103f777f4659018024ecf677457ba09b3f7df9e8589243285e2d345934",{"component:sort-game@1":895,"logic:practice":896,"component:match-pairs@1":897,"component:data-lab@1":898,"source:human-body-anatomy-britannica-axolotl":899,"source:human-body-anatomy-britannica-bat-mammal":900,"source:human-body-anatomy-britannica-giraffe":901,"source:human-body-anatomy-britannica-human-body":902,"source:human-body-anatomy-britannica-muscle":903,"source:human-body-anatomy-britannica-octopus":904,"source:human-body-anatomy-britannica-owl":905,"source:human-body-anatomy-britannica-skeleton":906,"source:human-body-anatomy-ncert-textbooks":907,"source:human-body-anatomy-wikipedia-cubit":908,"source:human-body-anatomy-wikipedia-organ-list":909},"b164f45a2c8ca08f26c450768ff0231e113e9fe45381eddb34dc6d0548596c38","3d6b0fe1b15255975a32b0fcd94e8019bc959ad45cbf12e136e86149549c6878","2a8ee4ac87460b4e1175a4bb13c96b03d577db06dde95670eb7fcfe4ad787899","466896cc37735f48db03875fe9c9ce42fc8bcb7e5f937c9779d70513703b91bd","56c6d211cbc8e390437102000470102d61e82669d4a5db5a87d3f91505bc7140","23855549e6066e35c8b65003dc9613d8f3285b730156b6136ef495a19e17d015","fe734ecd8e1321840f0b057f6f381c193a4f158bb2b93230a8c97effe5146fd8","d8eb8accac4fca64e6711169db72028b260fb8b81c937c86516d9009896fa34c","b2397d7be01ef8cf5211da5eca1573ad62d46085f36d4db2ed08f21c53056557","ff731bc88cabecd2fcb3e598ad71f51239038521f29d0a83ebd4ce0c646c53ff","047398895714c51baf044d1170abbb6a3c8d24272e385a8bd8ad1e9d0c6c29c8","193bc0eb450e6145811c970ee092582c5438e4c1a9b77f43068da210057b43d4","efd8ff1189b2fa80028f5c70765a1028db96825546b54365d07ce2b79ce43928","83f6f8f69372660275a15f82235df3f7888a440fb9f356ffe9932c51afaa9bb4","6ae52bf16d9cf93ff90c426eeb0f7cb7f36e504d5e893cbcecd97a44a5fb6c9e",{"state":911,"reviewer":912,"selfReview":913,"reviewedAt":914,"method":915},"approved","The library owner",true,"2026-09-20T10:18:37.581Z","owner_bulk","preview-7e1cbbcc4f",1789899598364]